Asiaweek, Volume 12, Issues 1-13. Gianno, Rosemary (2004). Sepa was sometimes given the head of a donkey (possibly to reflect the fact that donkey manure was used to improve the fertility of soil). A. Scott, William Henry (1994). Oxford Research Group. The woolly bear is a caterpillar that has folklore all his own in Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala. Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala. Summer Institute of Linguistics-Philippines, Inc. Hussin, H. (2010). The Bontoc Igorot. Danyag 2 (Dec): 114. Marsden, William (1784). Vol. In ancient Egypt, the scarab beetle was well known as a symbol of the gods and eternal life. Religious Tourism in Asia: Tradition and Change Through Case Studies and Narratives. Ramos-Shahani, L., Mangahas, Fe., Romero-Llaguno, J. Some Aspects of Filipino Vernacular Literature, 292293. (I have a strange sense of what constitutes a good idea.). Far Eastern University Faculty Journal, Volume 12. Southeast of Zamboanga. You Are Here: what happened to calista flockhart zta password zip deities associated with centipedes ien- ing: St.-Gabriel-Verlag. Manila. (1977). Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado. Miller, J. M. (1904). "9 Magical Insects and Their Folklore." Jesus, Pablo de (1580). (1999). Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Quezon City: GCF Books. Snpan Singsing: Center for Kapampngan Cultural Heritage. In F. Demetrio (Ed.). About 20 families and 3,000 species of centipedes have been discovered worldwide. Cookies that are necessary to enable my site to function. To the last grain of rice: T'boli subsistence production. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Centipedes tend to be nocturnal, which means approaching Sepa after dark is not only a-okay but potentially downright preferential. Kenno, L. W. V. (1901). Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). 1977. WebNemty - Falcon god, worshipped in Middle Egypt, who appears in myth as a ferryman for greater gods. Sepa is considered to be a protector against poisonous bites and stings, which is a common attribute among deities of venomous creatures, including scorpions (Serqet) and snakes (Wadjet and others). Gttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3. WebGoats: Goats are a sign of good luck. The plants are in full bloom at this time of the spring, and the bees take full advantage, buzzing back and forth, carrying pollen from one blossom to another. Esquire. Quezon City: U.P. In fact, the scarab beetle also known as the dung beetle, because it rolls animal droppings into balls factors predominantly into legends detailing the creation of the earth and the universe itself. Boquet, Y. WebThe centipede god Sepa is attested from the Old Kingdom right through to the Greco-Roman Period. Dont panic, though most spiders are harmless, and people have learned to co-exist with them for thousands of years. Fernandez, Doreen G. 1978. Blumentritt, Fernando (1895). Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world; Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity. KRT: Learning and Celebrating Kemetic Holidays, Quasi-Guest Post: My Partners Wep Ronpet. Mikkelsen, H. H. (2016). Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM. Fox, R. B. Fundacin Santiago, 1996. Noceda, Juan Jos de & Sanlucar, Pedro de (1754). University,University of Manila (1958). Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Page 16. The Iloilo Zarzuela 19031930. The Philippine Islands, 14931898: Volume XXXII, 1640. Most centipedes are primarily carnivorous and only eat vegetable matter when starving, but are otherwise opportunistic feeders. Guillermo, A. R. (2012). The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. Volume 34. Eugenio, Damiana L. (1993). University of San Carlos Publications. Burton, J. W. (1977). University of Manila Journal Of East Asiatic Studies, Volumes 7-8. Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance; Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes; Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds, Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season, Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunder, Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to life, Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds, Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad, Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees, Esa: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs, Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Ungaw, Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay, Panyaen: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals. Loyre, G. (1991). The University of Chicago Press. (1895). Ibalon: Tatlong Bayani ng Epikong Bicol. The Tingyans of Northern Philippines and Their Spirit World. Tiongson, N. G., Barrios, J. The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. It could be inferred that Cent (1983). Bane, Theresa (2016). Reyes y Florentino, Isabelo de los. University of Manila., 1956. Philippine Folk Tales . Philippine Magazine, p. 405. Someday, that caterpillar will wake up as a butterfly or moth and so, the caterpillar can be associated with any sort of transformative magic and ritual. I am Osiris, for whom his father and mother sealed an agreement on that day of carrying out the great slaughter; Geb is my father and Nut is my mother, I am Horus the Elder on the Day of Accession, I am Anubis of Sepa, I am the Lord of. Unilever Philippines. Philippine Studies Vol. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Cole, M. C. (1916). Postma, A. Scientific American: Supplement, Volume 51. A.M.S. Which cookies and scripts are used and how they impact your visit is specified on the left. UP . (2006). University of the Philippines Press, 2000. University of Manila., 1958. (1990). 9 Magical Insects and Their Folklore. Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Ateneo University Press, 1994. (1966). [5][6][7], The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today, especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions, despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non-native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century, and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century. She sometimes acted as a judge in human affairs. 1: A Legend of the Subanen Buklog. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. p. 52. Cajetas-Saranza, R. (2016). June 1, 2022. by decred block time. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. Bikols of the Philippines. SPAFA Digest. WebNemty - Falcon god, worshipped in Middle Egypt, who appears in myth as a ferryman for greater gods. Readings in Philippine Literature. However, if you see its tail first, then bad luck will befall a friend. Press. Page 192. Cawed, C. (1972). Bowring, John (1858). The Katipunan of the Philippines. Philippine Folk Literature: The Folktales. North Atlantic Books, 2010. .University of Manila (1956). The wider the brown band, the milder the winter will be.. University of Santo Tomas., 2002. Isneg Tales. Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning; Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan, Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords, Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords, Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea, Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea, Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened, Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands, Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan, Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan, Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth, Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun, Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon, Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars, Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good, Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night, Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys, Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams, Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes, Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe, Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry, Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan, Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy, Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan, Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice, Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals. Page 12. Blust, Robert. Hes also invoked against the Uncreated One in its serpent form, reinforcing Sepas ability to protect mortals against everyday snakes. An Encyclopedia of Shamanism Volume 1, Volume 1. These animals are predatory and carnivorous. (1994). Philippine Sociological Society. Mckenzie, D. A. Ampuan, R. B., et al. Colin, Francisco (1663). Wilson, L. L. (1947). Tinguian Folklore and how it Mirrors Tinguian Culture and Folklife. Dwata (general): the general term for the gods; Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams, Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing. Guadalupe Fores- Ganzon,Luis Maeru,Fundacin Santiago (Manila, Philippines). Donoso, Isaac (2016). Philippines' tribes take home lessons. 42, No. Vocabulariode lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero. Encyclopedia of the Philippines: Literature. My Blog deities associated with centipedes Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. H. Roldan, 1832. 7 de junio de 2022; where to buy used bicycles near me Religion of the Katipunan. Mojares, R. B. Rethinking Maria Cacao: Legend-making in the Visayan Context. Page 168. Nearly all cultures have some sort of spider mythology, and folktales about these crawly creatures abound! Psychic Phenomena: A Clinical Investigation. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. The Sulod Myth of Creation. Incorporate the earthworm into your magical workings. The Traditional Tiruray Zodiac: The Celestial Calendar of a Philippine Swidden and Foraging People. Gaddang Literature. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volumes 5-6. University of Santo Toms (2002). The number 1 is also associated with Allah, Aphrodite the Greek Goddess of Love, Apollo the Greek God of Communication, Diana the Roman Goddess of the Hunt, Vesta the Roman Hearth Goddess, Frey the Norse Hearth Goddess, Jehovah, the Egyptian God Neter and the Chinese God Pangu. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I had never heard of Sepa before reading this. Cole,M. Cultural Center of the Philippines. Lulu.com, 2018. Holy Angel University. Watch a caterpillar, inching along. The Soul Book. (2017). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). The Religion of the Ifugaos, Volumes 6568. Page 305. Philippine Sociological Review Vol. National Library of the Philippines. Sepa, the Centipede God, was a protective fertility deity whose worship began in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). PhD diss., University of the Philippines. The North American Review. Die Negrito Asiens. Cawed, C. (1972). Bulol: household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors; Nabulul: spouse of Bugan; a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful, Bugan: spouse of Nabulul; a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful, Gatui: divinities associated with practical jokes, but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages, Tagbayan: divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan, Imbayan: also called Lingayan; divinities who guide souls after they die, Himpugtan: an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him, Munduntug: divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost. 400401, Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 2: The Tiruray. Page 331. Weekly Women's Magazine. It is also a contemporary Hindu name used in many parts of India. Tell me its the Day of Sepa or the Feast of Menhuy, which was yesterday, and I will go pawing through all my books to learn []. A gem of ages: 7 island rock formations in Northern Samar. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). The Oral Literature of Capiz. Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai; Umboh: a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spirits, Umboh Payi: also called Umboh Gandum, the spirits of the first rice harvest, Sumang: spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks, Omboh Adam: later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences; messenger of the supreme deity, Awa: later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences, Abak: the king of a people who inhabited Balabac; led his people's migration to Capul island, where their descendants now reside, This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 20:47. In Asian folklore, especially in that of the Vedda of Sri Lanka the peacock deserves a charm of praise since this bird kills centipedes and snakes.[3]. C.G. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press. Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan; Saragnayan: the god of darkness who protected his wife, Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling, from all adversaries in Panay mythologies; his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar, and upon the killing of the boar, he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon, Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places. In images of the mayura as a mythical bird, it is depicted as killing a snake, which according to a number of Hindu scriptures, is a symbol of cycle of time. The praying mantis is a beautiful insect and can also be deadly if youre another praying mantis. Webhow do floodplains jeopardize the livelihoods of agricultural workers. Manila: Impr. Aggirigira: Invisible beings that cause mischief, diseases and misfortunes, Biuag: a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amulet, Malana: a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amulet, Nanolay: creator of all things; a culture hero and a beneficent deity; never inflicts pain or punishment on the people; responsible for the origin and development of the world, Ofag: cousin of Nanolay; personification of evil, Talanganay: a male god-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance, Menalam: a female goddess-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance. Vibal, H. (1923). University of the Philippines Press. Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. Madrid, 1663. Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers; Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana, Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings, Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected, Malaki tohu Awig: the hero who destroyed sickness, Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held, Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent, Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata, Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity, Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger, Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow, Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity, Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan, Mandarangan: god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth, Mebuyan: the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing, Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving, Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet, until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man, Lumabet: a hero who guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals, Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet's order, until he became a small child, Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky, Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo, Toglai: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death, Toglibon: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death, Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter, Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved, Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage, Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana. San Agustin Museum. Jocano, F. L. (1967). Apostol, Virgil Mayor (2010). Manila: Bureau of Printing. London: Berghahn. Webdeities associated with centipedes. (1992). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. When the LordJesus Christwas currently hanging on the cross, they came to be baptized, but it did not happen because at that time our Lord Jesus breathed his last. Apayao Life and Legends. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc. Barton, R. F. (1946). Let's look at some of the ways people have incorporated insects into their magical practice throughout the ages, as well as specific insects and their folklore and legends. You can find out more and change our default settings with Cookies Settings. Philippine Studies Vol. Castao, F. J. Ateneo de Manila University. Page 82. Beyer, H. O. Hislop, S. K. (1971). Philippine Short Stories. University of the Philippines Press, 2014. In some areas, the caterpillar is associated with magical wisdom take, for instance, the hookah-smoking caterpillar in Lewis Carrolls Alice tales, who offers deep thoughts while indulging his habit. Dancing with the ghosts of the sea: Experiencing the Pagkanduli ritual of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau Laut) in Sikulan, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. Species listing, distribution, and molecular identification of macrofungi in six Aeta tribal communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. National Commission on Culture and the Arts. Baugio City: Private. Learn Religions, Sep. 20, 2021, learnreligions.com/insect-magic-and-folklore-2562520. Learn Religions. Customs of the Tagalogs (two relations). Relation of the Filipinas Islands. Its legs are very long and almost spider-like all up and down its body. Arcilla, A. M. (1923). Outline of Philippine Mythology. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). (2016). The mythological figures, including deities (anitos and diwatas), heroes, and other important figures, in Anitism vary among the many ethnic groups in the Philippines. Carte [] sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales, y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros cicunvecinos []. Hurao, Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. World History Encyclopedia. Realubit, M. L. F. (1983). Aduerte, D. (2014). Philippine Folk Literature: The Myths Issue 2 of Philippine folk literature series. This entity from Egyptian mythology was tasked with metaphorically protecting the dead from the other canines. Halili, M. C. N. (2004). Omar Publications. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The Kalingas: Their Institutions and Customs Laws. Millare, F. D. (1955). 4: The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship. Folklore Studies Vol. Lach, Donald Frederick (1968).Southeast Asia in the Eyes of Europe: The Sixteenth Century. The ancient Egyptians could see that insects attacked dead bodies, but centipedes fed on the insects and so they concluded that the centipedes protected the dead. Dutton & Co., Inc. Lutero, C. D. (1986). Monteclaro, P. A. Let's start small. An old Arabic folktale tells of the mantis pointing towards Mecca, and early French stories indicate that a lost child could find its way home by following the directions of a praying mantis. Manila. Philippine Studies Journal. Banig: spirits of the hillsides and caves; Mun-apoh: deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living; they are respected, however, their blessings could also be turned into a curse, Dadungut: divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs, Makiubaya: divinities who watch over the gates of the village, Binudbud: spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men, Kolkolibag: spirits who cause difficult labor, Hidit: divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos, Puok: a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos, Hipag: spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic, Llokesin: the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree, Bumabakal: the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld; his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan, where his bodily fluids cause boils, Kabigat: the god who sent a deluge which flooded the earth; married to the goddess Bugan, Bugan: a goddess married to Kabigat; her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan, Bugan: daughter of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind, Wigan: son of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind, Dumagid: a god who lived among the people of Benguet; married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug, Ovug: son of Dumagid and Dugai; was cut in half by his father, where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld, and the other on earth; the voice of the skyworld's Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder, while the voice of the earth's Ovug is the source of low thunder, Bangan: the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the earth, Aninitud chalom: deity of the underworld, whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth, Aninitud angachar: deity of the sky world; causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings, Mapatar: the sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight, Bulan: the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime, Milalabi: the star and constellation deities, Pinacheng: a group or class of deities usually living in caves, stones, creeks, rocks, and in every place; mislead and hide people, Fulor: a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair; an antique which a spirit in it, who bring sickness, death, and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered, Inamah: a wooden plate and a home of spirits; destroying or selling it will put the family in danger, Dugai: the mortal mother of the split god Ovug; wife of the god Dumagid, Humidhid: the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong, Unnamed Shaman: prayed to the deities, Nabulul and Bugan, to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid, Wife of Namtogan: a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of Ahin, Kabunyan: the almighty creator; also referred to as Agmattebew, the spirit who could not be seen; the mabaki ritual is held in the deity's honor during planting, harvesting, birth and death of the people, and other activities for livelihood, Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life, Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals, Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers.