how to report a stolen gun in washington state

In 2021, around 1,117 firearms were lost or stolen in Alabama - the most out of any state. A., and G. L. Pierce, Disrupting Illegal Firearms Markets in Boston: The Effects of Operation Ceasefire on the Supply of New Handguns to Criminals,, Braga, A. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Section 478.11, Meaning of Terms. As of August 18, 2022: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and the National Urban League. IF YOU ARE REPORTING AN EMERGENCY DIAL 9-1-1 Welcome to the King County Sheriff's Office Online Reporting System. Borusyak, Kirill, Xavier Jaravel, and Jann Spiess. Always keep a record of your firearm(s). BulletPoints, Our Mission, webpage, last updated October 2020. B. Hackman, Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership,. Who else is prohibited from possessing a firearm, explosive, or body armor? An Empirical Investigation, 19862010,, Brenan, Megan, Most U.S. Teachers Oppose Carrying Guns in Schools,, Brent, D. A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, T. H. Chen, and L. Chiappetta, Suicide in Affectively Ill Adolescents: A Case-Control Study,, Brent, D. A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, T. H. Chen, and L. Chiappetta, Age- and Sex-Related Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide,, Brent, D. A., J. instructions to enable JavaScript in your web browser. from Brent Nicholson, who ran a local liquor store with his father. As of November 7, 2022: Office of the Surgeon General and National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention, Olson, David E., and Michael D. Maltz, Right-to-Carry Concealed Weapon Laws and Homicide in Large U.S. Incident Type: stolen Crime . As of June 29, 2017: Andersen, Ronald, Martin R. Frankel, and Judith Kasper, Anderson, D. Mark, and Joseph J. Sabia, Child-Access-Prevention Laws, Youths Gun Carrying, and School Shootings,. Firearm rights can be restored after a felony conviction in Washington, so long as the following requirements are met: Firearm rights can be restored after a domestic violence misdemeanor conviction in Washington, so long as the following requirements are met: The Washington State Department of Corrections acknowledges that its facilities, offices and operations are on the ancestral lands and customary territories of Indigenous Peoples, Tribes and Nations. Multiple law enforcement sources said that reporting requirements are a key method of combating one of the most common means of diverting weapons to the underground market: straw purchasing. However, if it is stolen from your vehicle in another jurisdiction, report it to the police department for that jurisdiction. Requiring gun owners to report lost or stolen firearms is unlikely to have measurable effects on such outcomes as suicide, unintentional injuries and deaths, defensive gun use, or hunting and recreation. National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH Awards Funding for Research on Preventing Firearm Injury and Mortality, webpage, October 23, 2020. Reporting lost or stolen guns may reduce underground gun sales and illegal gun trafficking. Hemenway, David, and Sara J. Solnick, The Epidemiology of Self-Defense Gun Use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 20072011, Preventive Medicine, Vol. Gun thefts occur at staggering rates. The sales record contains the make, model, and serial number of the firearm. As of September 7, 2022: Ferguson, Monika, Kate Rhodes, Mark Loughhead, Heather McIntyre, and Nicholas Procter, The Effectiveness of the Safety Planning Intervention for Adults Experiencing Suicide-Related Distress: A Systematic Review,. The Ohio Attorney General's Office (AGO), LEADS and the reporting agencies strongly recommend that no citizen take any individual action . Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Ruth Igielnik, Baxter Oliphant, and Anna Brown, Parker, R. N., K. R. Williams, K. J. McCaffree, E. K. Acensio, A. Browne, K. J. Strom, and K. Barrick, Alcohol Availability and Youth Homicide in the 91 Largest U.S. Cities, 19842006,, Parker, Susan T., Measuring Gun Violence in Police Data Sources: Transitioning to NIBRS,, Paternoster, R., The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues,, Pear, Veronica A., Christopher D. McCort, Yueju Li, Laurel Beckett, Daniel Tancredi, David M. Studdert, Philip H. Kass, Glenn L. Pierce, Anthony A. Braga, Mona A. Wright, Hannah S. Laqueur, Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz, and Garen J. Wintemute, Armed and Prohibited: Characteristics of Unlawful Owners of Legally Purchased Firearms,, Pear, Veronica A., Rocco Pallin, Julia P. Schleimer, Elizabeth Tomsich, Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz, Aaron B. Shev, Christopher E. Knoepke, and Garen J. Wintemute, Gun Violence Restraining Orders in California, 20162018: Case Details and Respondent Mortality,. For example, if you are leaving your home and you have firearms in the house, lock them up. A Comparison of Medical Examiner Manner of Death Coding with an Intent-Based Classification Approach,, Schell, Terry L., Matthew Cefalu, Beth Ann Griffin, Rosanna Smart, and Andrew R. Morral, Changes in Firearm Mortality Following the Implementation of State Laws Regulating Firearm Access and Use,. You may be surprised to know that only a fraction of states have mandatory reporting laws. Nicholson, police believed, purchased the weapons from thieves, who knew that he would buy whatever guns they proffered, no questions asked. Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Ivey-Stephenson, Asha Z., Alex E. Crosby, Jennifer M. Hoenig, Shiromani Gyawali, Eunice Park-Lee, and Sarra L. Hedden, Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adults Aged 18 YearsUnited States, 20152019,, Jagodi, Helena Koroec, Tatjana Rokavec, Mark Agius, and Peter Pregelj, Availability of Mental Health Service Providers and Suicide Rates in Slovenia: A Nationwide Ecological Study,, Jennissen, Charles A., Kristel M. Wetjen, Cole C. Wymore, Nicholas R. Stange, Gerene M. Denning, Junlin Liao, and Kelly E. Wood, Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents,, Joe, S., S. C. Marcus, and M. S. Kaplan, Racial Differences in the Characteristics of Firearm Suicide Decedents in the United States,. and World Population Clock, 2017. Data from police departments in 14 U.S. cities suggest that the number of guns reported lost or stolen in 2014 varied from 17 in San Francisco to 364 in Las Vegas (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and the National Urban League, 2016). Corrections is thankful to the Tribes for caring for these lands since time immemorial and honors its ongoing connection to these communities past, present and future. Gun News, Gun Reviews, and Self Defense Tips, You use of this website constitutes and manifests your acceptance of our, ENTER TO WIN > Free Gun Friday for your chance to WIN the SIG Sauer P320 AXG Legion and Black Hills HoneyBadger Ammo, If You Travel with a Firearm, Learn State Gun Laws from U.S. LawShield, Good Guy with a Gun: Study of CCW Holders Stopping Mass Shootings, SHOT Show Trotted Out the Best New Concealed Carry Guns for 2023, 9mm VS 40: Why the .40 Caliber Round Fights On, Pulling Out All the Stops with the Magpul M-LOK Barricade Stop, New Concealed Carry Clothing from SHOT Show 2023, The Nighthawk Custom BDS9 Is a 1911 Built for Competition, Defendant In Case Against New York Concealed Carry Law Agrees with Injunction, The Soft Shooting RIA 5.0 Features a Patented RVS Recoil System, Fail: David Hogg Uses Twitter to Attack the Second Amendment, The American Tomahawk Company Rifleman Tactical Field Knife, Enhanced Pistol Caliber Carbine: The Aero Precision EPC-9, The SilencerCo Osprey 45 2.0: Keep Your Factory Height Sights. As of November 18, 2019: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Expanded Homicide Data Table 14: Justifiable Homicide, by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 20142018, webpage, Crime in the United States 2018, 2019b. The Largest Civilian Firearms Arsenals for 178 Countries, in. As of May 30, 2017: U.S. Department of Justice, Department of Justice Awards $1 Million to the National Crime Prevention Council to Support Gun Safety Campaign, press release, March 7, 2013. Report Illegal Firearms Activity 1-800-ATF-GUNS (1-800-283-4867) Bomb Hotline 1-888-ATF-BOMB (1-888-283-2662) Arson Hotline 1-888-ATF-FIRE (1-888-283-3473) Other Criminal Activity 1-888-ATF-TIPS (1-888-283-8477) Email: ATFTips@atf.gov Firearms Theft Hotline 1-888-930-9275 Explosives Theft Hotline 1-800-461-8841 National Tracing Center The Good News: Family Gun Transfers Are Extremely Easy Ordinarily, to transfer or sell a firearm in Washington state, you must conduct the transaction through a federally licensed firearms dealer subject to the . A., and R. Duarte, Risk Determinants of Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents,. Pierce, Glenn L., Anthony A. Braga, Christopher Koper, Jack McDevitt, David Carlson, Jeffrey Roth, Alan Saiz, Raymond Hyatt, and Roberta E. Griffith, Pierre, Joseph M., The Psychology of Guns: Risk, Fear, and Motivated Reasoning,, Pirkola, Sami, Reijo Sund, Eila Sailas, and Kristian Wahlbeck, Community Mental-Health Services and Suicide Rate in Finland: A Nationwide Small-Area Analysis,. As of November 14, 2019: Hedegaard, Holly, Sally C. Curtin, and Margaret Warner, Suicide Mortality in the United States, 19992017, National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. In New York, police made 4,497 gun arrests in 2021, up 3% from 2020 but a 26% rise from 2019. Kahan, Dan M., The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions, in Robert Scott and Stephen Kosslyn, eds.. Kahan, Dan M., On the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance, in Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds., Kahan, Dan M., E. Peters, E. Dawson, and P. Slovic, Motivated Numeracy and Enlightened Self-Government,, Kahane, Leo H., Understanding the Interstate Export of Crime Guns: A Gravity Model Approach,, Kahane, Leo H., State Gun Laws and the Movement of Crime Guns Between States,, Kalesan, Bindu, Kinan Lagast, Marcos Villarreal, Elizabeth Pino, Jeffrey Fagan, and Sandro Galea, School Shootings During 20132015 in the USA,, Kalesan, Bindu, Matthew E. Mobily, Olivia Keiser, Jeffrey A. Fagan, and Sandro Galea, Firearm Legislation and Firearm Mortality in the USA: A Cross-Sectional, State-Level Study,, Kann, L., T. McManus, W. A. Harris, S. L. Shanklin, K. H. Flint, J. Hawkins, B. Individuals releasing from prison should communicate with Department release planners, community corrections officers, as well as their family and friends, to make plans to avoid firearms, explosives, and ammunition. Always keep a record of your firearm (s). Abadie, Alberto, Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects,, Abadie, Alberto, Alexis Diamond, and Jens Hainmueller, Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of Californias Tobacco Control Program,, Abutaleb, Yasmeen, and William Wan, After Trump Blames Mental Illness for Mass Shootings, Health Agencies Ordered to Hold All Posts on Issue,. One study shows that over eighty-five percent of school shooters obtained the firearm at their home or from a friend or relative. As of May 15, 2019: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, "Ten Years of Mass Shootings in the United States: An Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund Analysis," November 21, 2019. Criminal Justice Information Services Division, National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Section: Active Records in the NICS Indices as of December 31, 2018, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, December 31, 2018. These do not necessarily have to be the most recent three years. Prez-Pea, Richard, Two New Zealand Mosques, a Hate-Filled Massacre Designed for Its Time,, Pescosolido, Bernice A., Bianca Manago, and John Monahan, Evolving Public Views on the Likelihood of Violence from People with Mental Illness: Stigma and Its Consequences,, Petrosky, Emiko, Janet M. Blair, Carter J. Betz, Katherine A. Fowler, Shane P. D. Jack, and Bridget H. Lyons, Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner ViolenceUnited States, 20032014,, Pfleger, Michael, Cierra Bates-Chamberlain, Ottis Moss III, and Seth Limmer, The Rev. If they dont get reported, we dont get to act on it and in a timely fashion, said Frank Occhipinti, deputy chief of the firearms operations division for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Loss Prevention for Firearms Retailers(pdf), Questions and Answers Regarding the Theft/Loss of Firearms in Transit, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Form 4473 - Firearms Transaction Record Revisions, Import Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, Receive Imported Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, Discontinue Being a Federal Firearms Licensee (FFL), Download the Firearms Industry Newsletter, Imports, Variances, Stamps & Verification Guides. : Buyback Programs Are a Key Tool for Removing Guns from the Streets,. Alabama > Firearms stolen or lost in 2021: > Firearms stolen in 2021: 106 (9.5% of total) > Firearms lost in 2021: > Gun stores and gun makers in state: ALSO READ: This Is the State Selling the . Per 18 U.S.C. Someone who "loses" firearms three times and fails to report them is either really unlucky and/or none too bright, or a trafficker. More charges, more chances of a conviction, said Speedy, the attorney who represented Nicholson. Finkelstein, Amy, E-ZTAX: Tax Salience and Tax Rates,. United States v. Nenadich, 689 F.Supp. Sumner, S. A., P. M. Layde, and C. E. Guse, Firearm Death Rates and Association with Level of Firearm Purchase Background Check,, Sun, L., G. C. van Kooten, and G. M. Voss, Demand for Wildlife Hunting in British Columbia,, Swahn, M. H., B. Ali, R. M. Bossarte, M. van Dulmen, A. Crosby, A. C. Jones, and K. C. Schinka, Self-Harm and Suicide Attempts Among High-Risk, Urban Youth in the U.S.: Shared and Unique Risk and Protective Factors,. As of April 2, 2020: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Expanded Homicide Data Table 8, webpage, 2016b. Rhode Island had just four charges for its law. Adults Living in Households with Firearms: Results From a 2019 National Survey,, Conwell, Y., P. R. Duberstein, K. Connor, S. Eberly, C. Cox, and E. D. Caine, Access to Firearms and Risk for Suicide in Middle-Aged and Older Adults,, Cook, Philip J., The Saturday Night Special: An Assessment of Alternative Definitions from a Policy Perspective,, Cook, Philip J., The Influence of Gun Availability on Violent Crime Patterns,, Cook, Philip J., The Case of the Missing Victims: Gunshot Woundings in the National Crime Survey,, Cook, Philip J., The Great American Gun War: Notes from Four Decades in the Trenches,, Cook, Philip J., and Anthony A. Braga, Comprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets,, Cook, P. J., A. vehicles brought into Washington from another state or country go through a stolen-vehicle screening process within the Department of Licensing before a Washington State title is issued. Maguire, E. R., C. W. Telep, and T. Abt, The Effectiveness of Street Outreach Worker Programs for Reducing Violence: A Systematic Review, Campbell Collaboration, 2018. Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice. . The report. As of January 24, 2020: Mustard, David B., The Impact of Gun Laws on Police Deaths,. As of May 9, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Expanded Homicide Data Table 15, webpage, 2016c. This first step is a preemptive measure that everyone should take. This is why it is a good idea to have the means to secure it while you are away. Second, call the ATFs Stolen Firearms Program Manager toll free at 1-888-930-9275. A final report released by the House Jan. 6 panel in December detailed several instances of Trump's own advisers telling him he had lost the election and advising him to stop pushing the false . But police say, thanks to new technology, federal agents have a way of bringing it back up and being able to read it. 7-2502.08 (report "immediately"). Cummings, P., D. C. Grossman, F. P. Rivara, and T. D. Koepsell, State Gun Safe Storage Laws and Child Mortality Due to Firearms,, Cummings, P., T. D. Koepsell, D. C. Grossman, J. Savarino, and R. S. Thompson, The Association Between the Purchase of a Handgun and Homicide or Suicide,. Higgins, Julian P. T., and Sally Green, eds., Hines, James R., Jr., Taxing Consumption and Other Sins,, Hipple, N. K., E. F. McGarrell, M. OBrien, and B. M. Huebner, Gun Crime Incident Reviews as a Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving and Information Sharing,, Hodur, Nancy M., F. Larry Leistritz, and Kara L. Wolfe, Developing the Nature-Based Tourism Sector in Southwestern North Dakota,, Hoffman, Steven J., and Charlie Tan, Overview of Systematic Reviews on the Health-Related Effects of Government Tobacco Control Policies,. A Bias Analysis of Unmeasured Confounding in the Firearm-Suicide Literature,, Miller, M., M. Warren, D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael, Firearms and Suicide in U.S. Cities,, Miller, Matthew, Yifan Zhang, Lea Prince, Sonja A. Swanson, Garen J. Wintemute, Erin E. Holsinger, and David M. Studdert, Suicide Deaths Among Women in California Living with Handgun Owners vs Those Living with Other Adults in Handgun-Free Homes, 20042016,, Miller, Matthew, W. Zhang, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Deborah Azrael, Child Access Prevention Laws and Firearm Storage: Results from a National Survey,, Miller, Matthew, Wilson Zhang, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Deborah Azrael, Child Access Prevention Laws and Firearm Storage: Results from a National Survey,, Miller, Megan, and John Pepper, Assessing the Effect of Firearms Regulations Using Partial Identification Methods: A Case Study of the Impact of Stand Your Ground Laws on Violent Crime,, Mills, Emily, 'Take Dangerous Firearms Off the Streets: Summit County Planning Gun Buyback Event,, Milne, John S., Stephen W. Hargarten, Arthur L. Kellermann, and Garen J. Wintemute, Effect of Current Federal Regulations on Handgun Safety Features,. Rosanna Smart, Samuel Peterson, Terry L. Schell, Rose Kerber, and Andrew R. Morral, "Firearm Injury Hospitalizations in America," RAND Corporation, April 27, 2021. However, up to 40 percent of these are never reported to law enforcement . United States Concealed Carry Association, Traveling? (1) A person who stores or leaves a firearm in a location where the person knows, or reasonably should know, that a prohibited person may gain access to the firearm: (a) Is guilty of community endangerment due to unsafe storage of a firearm in the first degree if a prohibited person obtains access and possession of . In data from more than 1,000 law enforcement agencies in 36 states and Washington D.C., NBC 7 Investigates found more than 204,000 guns stolen since 2010. As a convicted felon, Nicholson will never legally own a firearm again. State legislators have faced opposition to reporting-requirement laws even in states otherwise friendly to gun control legislation. It is illegal. Adler, W. C., F. M. Bielke, D. J. Doi, and J. F. Kennedy, Ahmedani, Brian K., Gregory E. Simon, Christine Stewart, Arne Beck, Beth E. Waitzfelder, Rebecca Rossom, Frances Lynch, Ashli Owen-Smith, Enid M. Hunkeler, Ursula Whiteside, Belinda H. Operskalski, M. Justin Coffey, and Leif I. Solberg, Health Care Contacts in the Year Before Suicide Death,, Aitken, Mary E., Samantha D. Minster, Samantha H. Mullins, Heather M. Hirsch, Purnima Unni, Kathy Monroe, and Beverly K. Miller, Parents Perspectives on Safe Storage of Firearms,, Albert, Adelin, and John A. Anderson, On the Existence of Maximum Likelihood Estimates in Logistic Regression Models,. Maguire, E. R., C. D. Uchida, and K. D. Hassell, Problem-Oriented Policing in Colorado Springs: A Content Analysis of 753 Cases,, Makarios, Matthew D., and Travis C. Pratt, The Effectiveness of Policies and Programs That Attempt to Reduce Firearm Violence: A Meta-Analysis,, Maltz, M. D., and J. Targonski, A Note on the Use of County-Level UCR Data,. Your home, the place where you live, eat, and sleep, has been broken into while you were away. A., C. G. Roman, L. Bostwick, and J. R. Porter, Cure Violence: A Public Health Model to Reduce Gun Violence,, Cabrera, Joseph F., and Roy Kwon, Income Inequality, Household Income, and Mass Shooting in the United States,, Cai, Weiyi, and Jugal K. Patel, A Half-Century of School Shootings Like Columbine, Sandy Hook and Parkland,, Cagle, M. Christine, and J. Michael Martinez, Have Gun, Will Travel: The Dispute Between the CDC and the NRA on Firearm Violence as a Public Health Problem,, Caldwell, B., Criminalizing Day-to-Day Life: A Socio-Legal Critique of Gang Injunctions,. Queen, R. Lowry, E. O. Olsen, D. Chyen, L. Whittle, J. Thornton, C. Lim, Y. Yamakawa, N. Brener, and S. Zaza, Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2015,, Kann, Laura, Tim McManus, William A. Harris, Shari L. Shanklin, Katherine H. Flint, Barbara Queen, Richard Lowry, David Chyen, Lisa Whittle, Jemekia Thornton, Connie Lim, Denise Bradford, Yoshimi Yamakawa, Michelle Leon, Nancy Brener, and Kathleen A. Ethier, Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2017,, Kaplan, M. S., N. Huguet, B. H. McFarland, and J. For example, a person with a firearm in their hand or pocket has actual possession of the firearm. Referred to the House Civil Rights & Judiciary Committee on January 11, 2021 Would require owner of a firearm to report loss or theft of the firearm to a law enforcement agency within 5 days of the occurrence. A., D. M. Hureau, and C. Winship, Losing Faith? Hoke, Janna, GRPD Shares Photos of Nearly 300 Guns Collected at Gun Buyback Event, WGRD 97.9, September 20, 2022. In October 2015, the Chesterfield County Sheriffs Department in South Carolina made what is likely one of the biggest gun busts ever recorded. As of March 22, 2017: U.S. Census Bureau, National Population by Characteristics: 20102019, web tool, June 17, 2020. Branas, Charles, Shani Buggs, Jeffrey A. Butts, Anna Harvey, Erin M. Kerrison, Tracey Meares, Andrew V. Papachristos, John Pfaff, Alex R. Piquero, Joseph Richardson, Jr., Caterina Gouvis Roman, and Daniel W. Webster, Branas, C. C., T. S. Richmond, D. P. Culhane, T. R. Ten Have, and D. J. Wiebe, Investigating the Link Between Gun Possession and Gun Assault,, Brauer, Jurgen, Daniel Montolio, and Elisa Trujillo-Baute, How Do US State Firearms Laws Affect Firearms Manufacturing Location? As of July 9, 2019: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonfatal Injury Reports, 20002017, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., January 18, 2019b. Cook, Philip J., Harold A. Pollack, and Kailey White, Cook, P. J., H. A. Pollack, and K. White, The Last Link: From Gun Acquisition to Criminal Use,, Cook, Philip J., Ariadne E. Rivera-Aguirre, Magdalena Cerd, and Garen Wintemute, Constant Lethality of Gunshot Injuries from Firearm Assault: United States, 20032012,, Cordner, G., and E. P. Biebel, ProblemOriented Policing in Practice,, Corrigan, P. W., and A. C. Watson, Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the Frequency of Violent Behavior in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders,, Corsaro, N., More Than Lightning in a Bottle and Far from Ready-Made,, Cox, Georgina R., Christabel Owens, Jo Robinson, Angela Nicholas, Anne Lockley, Michelle Williamson, Yee Tak Derek Cheung, and Jane Pirkis, Interventions to Reduce Suicides at Suicide Hotspots: A Systematic Review,.