william t anderson statuewilliam t anderson statue

Past auctions. This action angered his men, who saw themselves as the protectors of women, but Anderson dismissed their concerns, stating that such things were inevitable. Upcoming auctions ( 0 ) 293 0 obj William T. "Bill" Anderson, who was known as "Bloody Bill" Anderson because he showed no mercy to captives, was killed 26 October 1864 in Missouri. The Quantrill band then crossed the border into Confederate Texas to spend the winter in safety. Anderson was laid to rest in an unmarked grave in 1864 after he was killed during the Civil War battle at Albany in southern Ray County. Fred Stein, one of the volunteers working to fundraise, said the statue is worth every penny. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was forced by his Unionist neighbors to flee to Clay County, Missouri, where he became a guerilla leader notorious for leading raids along the Kansas-Missouri border and infamous for scalping his victims. endobj The defeat resulted in the deaths of five guerrillas but only two Union soldiers, further maddening Anderson. Wikimedia CommonsIn Quantrills raid on the Unionist stronghold of Lawrence, Kansas, nearly 200 civilians were murdered by Anderson and his fellow bushwhackers. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. <>stream William Tecumseh Sherman was unveiled in Grand Army Plaza in 1903. [55] Anderson married Bush Smith, a woman from Sherman, Texas, who worked in a saloon. Cause of Death: Killed in battle by Union troops in a skirmish at Albany, Missouri, William T. Anderson also known as "Bloody Bill" Anderson. for a movie [133], Anderson traveled 70 miles (110km) east with 80 men to New Florence, Missouri. Bill and his brother Jim bided their time, even pretending to make peace with their fathers killer. When the building collapsed, one sister was killed and the other permanently disfigured. [32] By late July, Anderson led groups of guerrillas on raids, and was often pursued by Union volunteer cavalry. He addressed the prisoners, castigating them for the treatment of guerrillas by Union troops. [157] He was later discussed in biographies of Quantrill, which typically cast him as an inveterate murderer. | WebThree years later in 1839, they welcomed the addition of a son, William T. Anderson, to their household. 46w/11. Jesse James enlisted, joining his brother Frank; they later became famous outlaws. [19] Baker and his brother-in-law brought the man to a store, where they were ambushed by the Anderson brothers. It would be another 43 years and eight months before he finally got a funeral. He was 24 years old. Full Name: William T. Anderson also known as "Bloody Bill" Anderson Web74: CIRCLE OF WILLIAM ANDERSON (1757-1837 LONDON) The French frigate Pallas engaging Her Majesty's Sloops Fairy and Harpy off St Malo, 8 February 1800; and La [64][lower-alpha 6] Quantrill was taken into custody, but soon escaped. Anderson was told to recapture him and gave chase, but he was unable to locate his former commander and stopped at a creek. [103] Anderson's men quickly took control of the train, which included 23 off-duty Union soldiers as passengers. Albert E. Castel and Tom Goodrich, Bloody Bill Anderson: The Short, Savage Life of a Civil War Guerrilla (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1998). WebWilliam T. Anderson (c. 1840 October 26, 1864), known by the nickname "Bloody Bill" Anderson, was an American soldier who was one of the deadliest and most notorious Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. On the north side of Grand Army Plaza is a towering monument to Union Army General William Tecumseh Sherman (18201891) by the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. tay ninh . [84] In late July, the Union military sent a force of 100 well-equipped soldiers, and 650 other men, after Anderson. WebDescription: William T. Anderson (1840 October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was one of the deadliest and most brutal pro-Confederate guerrilla leaders in the The attacks prompted the Kansas City Daily Journal of Commerce to declare that rebels had taken over the area. Anderson had only been active for just over two years, but by then it was enough. He told a Lawrence woman shortly before leaving the city, Im here for revenge and I have got it. But the truth was that he was far from finished. Bill also answers to Bill T Anderson and William T Anderson, and perhaps a couple of other names. Webjudge william j. martnez. 253 0 obj connell solera, llc, plaintiff, v. lubrizol advanced materials, inc., and . LA6F:a>/_-\gFPG1~.z}^"Bg t\]uqN>]3s$/w4AarfPD>WHtf|[q|TPe{,r|b\rX[&0[H"ABCisB:-}'Z /F9n:d<>4m'rEZ! ?6vwqLe9rg! [100] They found a large supply of whiskey and all began drinking. Capt. They found the guerrillas' horses decorated with the scalps of Union soldiers. [161] He also appears as a character in several films about Jesse James. [77] As Anderson's profile increased, he was able to recruit more guerillas. October 27, 1864. [33], Quantrill's Raiders had a support network in Jefferson County, Missouri, that provided them with numerous hiding places. x+ | On August 30, Anderson and his men attacked a steamboat on the Missouri River, killing the captain and gaining control of the boat. [54], On October 12, Quantrill and his men met General Samuel Cooper at the Canadian River and proceeded to Mineral Springs, Texas, to rest for the winter. Her name was Meta Wilde. [164] Castel and Goodrich view Anderson as one of the war's most savage and bitter combatants, but they also argue that the war made savages of many others. [119] However, Frank James, who participated in the attack, later defended the guerrillas' actions, arguing that the federal troops were marching under a black flag, indicating that they intended to show no mercy. .Jc0:4Yv8b{GjS}}KjN5Z+HCASHTHGK !D:fG@-a? 1956). In the pitched battle that resulted, Anderson rode through the Union line only to be shot twice in the back of the head. They had hoped to attack a train, but its conductor learned of their presence and turned back before reaching the town. [9][lower-alpha 3] On June 28, 1860, Martha Anderson died after being struck by lightning. M1rq~XN4M}f>JOb5qEmWy4ieeeVS9/|`-3@*ElV[cMZYs$dn: Idc?L=V endstream The jail collapsed, killing one sister and permanently maiming the other. [127], Anderson visited Confederate sympathizers as he traveled, some of whom viewed him as a hero for fighting the Union, whom they deeply hated. From the town, they saw a group of about 120 guerrillas and pursued them. [44] (Guerrillas often wore uniforms stolen from Union soldiers. [14] However, the group was attacked by the Union's 6th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in Vernon County, Missouri;[lower-alpha 4] the cavalry likely assumed they were Confederate guerrillas. On August 10, while traveling through Clay County, Anderson and his men engaged 25 militia members, killing five of them and forcing the rest to flee. [150] Some of them cut off one of his fingers to steal a ring. Thomas W. Cutrer, [112] By mid-afternoon, the 39th Missouri Volunteer Infantry had arrived in Centralia. Andersons prodigious talents for bloodshed were such that, by the end of his life in 1864, hed left a trail of destruction across three states which took just two years to blaze. There he met Baker, who temporarily placated him by providing a lawyer. Courtesy of Stuart Semmel. William T. Anderson (1840 October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was one of the deadliest and most brutal pro-Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Reid draws a parallel between the bashi-bazouks and Anderson's group, arguing that they behaved similarly. He killed the judge and then fled, where he embarked on his career as a bushwhacker, another name for guerilla fighters of the time. [38] Castel and Goodrich maintain that killing became more than a means to an end at that point for Anderson: it became an end in itself. In early October 1864, Anderson and his men attached themselves to the army of Confederate General Sterling Price, then undertaking a mission to liberate Missouri. The head was hoisted onto a spiked telegraph pole. He married Ida Matilda Lindstrom Anderson on 11 December 1905, in Henry, Illinois, United States. [30], In early summer 1863, Anderson was made a lieutenant, serving in a unit led by George M. Todd. william t anderson statue. Dedicated in 1903, it was Later in the day, a Union detachment rode into town to challenge Anderson. HW[S#~Sb4wWRel,0'C08bM6MEnwz?_?NT~d2V,TF{PafsL!N3wY00F: S}Y Anderson and his men were in the rear of the charge, but gathered a large amount of plunder from the dead soldiers, irritating some guerrillas from the front line of the charge. [113] Anderson then led a charge up the hill. Anderson's sisters aided the guerrillas by gathering information inside Union territory. [73] Anderson killed one hotel guest whom he suspected was a U.S. Marshall, but spoke amicably with an acquaintance he found there. They chased the men who had attacked them, killing one and mutilating his body. Inspired, he convinced his fellow bushwhacker captains that their next target should be Lawrence, the great hotbed of abolitionism in Kansas. The loot Quantrills men could expect, along with the chance to kill Union sympathizers and abolitionists, was more than sufficient temptation. The guerrillas heard that the cavalry was approaching,[112] and Anderson sent a party to set an ambush. But the trouble really began in April of 1862. [142] On October 26, 1864, he pursued Anderson's group with 150 men and engaged them in battle. The Marquis And The Mason's Widow - Pamphlet, Musical Memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder (History Alive Through Music) (History Alive Thru Music), The Holy Place Or Sanctuary Of The Masonic Temple - Pamphlet, Musical Memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder (History Alive Through Music), The Great Outlines Of Speculative Masonry, Laura's Rose: The Story of Rose Wilder Lane, Laura Ingalls Wilder Country: The People and Places in Laura Ingalls Wilder's Life and Books, Musical Memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder (History Alive through Music), A Wilder in the West: The Story of Eliza Jane Wilder. At first serving under bushwhacker captain Dick Yager, Bill Anderson participated in a string of violent robberies throughout western Missouri and eastern Kansas, targeting Union patrols and Union sympathizers while avoiding their pro-Union counterparts, the Jayhawkers. [114] Although five guerrillas were killed by the first volley of Union fire, the Union soldiers were quickly overwhelmed by the well-armed guerrillas, and those who fled were pursued. United States. One way that he sought to prove his loyalty to the Union was by severing his ties with Anderson's sister Mary, his former lover. The Shocking Story Of Bloody Bill Anderson, The Civil Wars Most Vicious Confederate Guerrilla. Although he learned that Union General Egbert B. [152] In 1908, Cole Younger, a former guerrilla who served under Quantrill, reburied Anderson's body, and in 1967, a memorial stone was placed at the grave. Monica Anderson Anderson came to the Space Coast from Rhode Island, via Orlando. Anderson subsequently participated in the Lawrence Massacre and Battle of Baxter Springs. =r!G9hVoRE6/56\me5icNMoc3wS^[5t q>.R NDAVC-jtCTJ6 z^z=bhhI3(C 5 In desperation, Bill, whod taken a job escorting wagon trains on the Santa Fe Trail, soon began stealing and selling the horses and ponies he was tasked with protecting. Artprice lists 2 of the artist's works for sale at public auction, mainly in the Print-Multiple category. His father, William Senior, had tried his hand at a variety of get-rich-quick schemes including prospecting in the California Gold Rush before taking one last run at success in Kansas, moving his wife and children to his land claim near Council Grove in 1857. Anderson's acts as a guerrilla led the Union to imprison his sisters; after one of them died in custody, Anderson devoted himself to revenge. Author of A Little House Sampler, Masonic Token, The Marquis And The Mason's Widow - Pamphlet, The Sailor Masons - Pamphlet, Lady Masonry Or Masonry Of Adoption, The First Masonic Temple - Pamphlet, The Soldier Mason, Musical Memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder (History Alive Through Music) (History Alive Thru Music) En route, they entered Baxter Springs, Kansas, the site of Fort Blair. Of the 147 federal troopers, 123 were killed. While the armies of the Union and the Confederacy raged in the east, William T. Bloody Bill Anderson fought an altogether different and more savage Civil War. [7] After settling near Council Grove, the family became friends with A. I. Baker, a local judge who was a Confederate sympathizer. [155] As the Confederacy collapsed, most of Anderson's men joined Quantrill's forces or traveled to Texas. [118] Anderson achieved the same notoriety that Quantrill had previously enjoyed, and he began to refer to himself as "Colonel Anderson", partly in an effort to supplant Quantrill. There, he robbed travelers and killed several Union soldiers. endobj Quantrill attained near-unanimous consent to travel 40 miles (64km) into Union territory to strike Lawrence. [85] On August 1, while searching for militia members, Anderson and some of his men stopped at a house full of women and requested food. [65], Anderson and his men rested in Texas for several months before returning to Missouri. Creator . His family moved to Kansas when he was a youngster. <>stream Webjudge william j. martnez. [110] Anderson's band then rode back to their camp, taking a large amount of looted goods. Book Depository. [109] The guerrillas set the passenger train on fire and derailed an approaching freight train. WebBill Andersons full name is generally believed to have William T. Anderson so readers who are familiar with him may question why his full name was/is claimed by some to be William L. Anderson. Tintype photograph of William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson, taken shortly after his death on October 27, 1864 in Richmond, Missouri. [153], Archie Clement led the guerrillas after Anderson's death, but the group splintered by mid-November. charlotte pipe & foundry, inc., defendants. The real Anderson, according to the story, took advantage of his supposed death to move to Brown County, Texas, where he married and lived a settled and respectable life. [159] Asa Earl Carter's novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales features Anderson as a main character. [149] Union soldiers buried Anderson's body in a field near Richmond in a fairly well-built coffin. <>stream His men made a vigorous effort to recover his body but failed; at least one man and, according to one account, as many as ten, died in the attempt. Would you like to see only ebooks? First Published He lived in Jefferson Township, Osage, Collect, curate and comment on your files. Originally slated for completion by 1894, the monument was not realized until 1903, due in part to debate over its location. order granting in part and denying in part defendant lubrizol advanced materials, inc.s early motion for partial summary judgment C7Ibo6Gxe9hc. Accompanied by his diminutive teenaged lieutenant, Little Archie Clement, a psychopath with a particular fondness for scalping and mutilating his victims with knives, Anderson left a fresh wake of murder and misery. [121], Anderson left the Centralia area on September 27, pursued for the first time by Union forces equipped with artillery. With Gettysburg lost and the Confederacys eastern armies on the defensive, many of the bushwhackers recognized that they had no hope now of winning, and were interested only in using the chaos to their advantage as long as they could. [30] In the resulting skirmish, several raiders were captured or killed and the rest of the guerrillas, including Anderson, split into small groups to return to Missouri. Anderson subsequently returned to Missouri as the leader of a group of raiders and became the most feared guerrilla in the state, killing and robbing dozens of Union soldiers and civilian sympathizers throughout central Missouri. [31] The first reference to Anderson in Official Records of the American Civil War concerns his activities at this time, describing him as the captain of a band of guerrillas. He became skilled at guerrilla warfare, earning the trust of the group's leaders, William Quantrill and George M. Todd. In response, Union militias developed hand signals to verify that approaching men in Union uniforms were not guerrillas. [89] Although they forced the Union forces to flee, Anderson and Jesse James were injured in the encounter and the guerrillas retired to Boone County, to rest. WebFull Name: William T. Anderson also known as "Bloody Bill" Anderson Profession: Confederate Guerrilla Leader Nationality: American Biography: William T. Anderson, also known as "Bloody Bill," was an American soldier that operated in Missouri and Kansas as a Confederate guerilla leader during the American Civil War. Anderson diverted from the raids he was assigned to carry out to attack Glasgow, Missouri. WebWilliam T Anderson was born in 1813, in Tennessee, United States. ; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; T; Bloody Will Anderson; William Anderson; ; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; ; William T. Anderson; William T. Anderson; militar estadounidense; criminel amricain; gudari estatubatuarra; Amerikaans militair (1839-1864); militar estauxunidense (18391864); militar estatunidenc; criminale statunitense; Konfderierter Partisanenfhrer whrend des US-amerikanischen Brgerkriegs; militar norte-americano; militar estadounidense; ; American guerrilla fighter; militar merikano; William T Anderson; Bloody Bill Anderson; Bloody Bill; Verine Bill; William T Anderson; Bloody Bill; William Anderson; William T. Anderson; . ; Bloody Bill, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:William_T._Anderson&oldid=710247988, People of Missouri in the American Civil War, People with sadistic personality disorder, Confederate States military people killed in the American Civil War, Uses of Wikidata Infobox with defaultsort suppressed, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Quantrill expelled him and warned him not to come back, and the man was fatally shot by some of Quantrill's men when he attempted to return. In 1868, he married his brother's widow. In the summer of 1863, he had Andersons three sisters arrested and imprisoned in a rickety building in Kansas City. According to unsubstantiated rumor, however, Anderson survived the Albany fight, and the mutilated body was that of another man. Anderson was known for his brutality towards Locations paris, submarine, new york, William T. Anderson (1840 October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was one of the deadliest and most brutal pro-Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. [107] Anderson gave the civilian hostages permission to leave but warned them not to put out fires or move bodies. William T. Anderson (1840 October 26, 1864), better known as Bloody Bill, was one of the deadliest and most brutal pro-Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Anderson would later remark that I have killed Union soldiers until I have got sick of killing them.. [28], In May 1863, Anderson joined members of Quantrill's Raiders on a foray near Council Grove,[28] in which they robbed a store 15 miles (24km) west of the town. The figure of Victory is depicted holding a palm frond as she leads Sherman to Union victory. [77] Many militia members had been conscripted and lacked the guerillas' boldness and resolve. ;^v]=qv&t. WebWilliam T. Anderson Memorial Portrait. [26] Quantrill was at the time the most prominent guerrilla in the KansasMissouri area. Learn more about merges . statesville . [71], In early July, Anderson's group robbed and killed several Union sympathizers in Carroll and Randolph counties. Description . The project involved cleaning the bronze and applying new gold leaf to the surface of the statue. william t anderson. Instead, it was about killing as many Union soldiers as he could find. [115] One Union officer reached Centralia and gave word of the ambush, allowing a few Union soldiers who had remained there to escape. 12729. The guerrillas gathered at the Blackwater River in Johnson County, Missouri. WebCheck out our william t anderson selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. WebBrowse 85 WILLIAM T. ANDERSONstock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The guerrillas blocked the railroad, forcing the train to stop. )[45] They proceeded to pillage and burn many buildings, killing almost every man they found, but taking care not to shoot women. z&avbU/i^Ae? The model [22] William Quantrill, a Confederate guerrilla leader, later claimed to have encountered them in July and rebuked them for robbing Confederate sympathizers;[23] in their biography of Anderson, Albert Castel and Tom Goodrich speculate that this rebuke may have resulted in a deep resentment of Quantrill by Anderson. % H 8 Views. His group attacked Union loyalists and federal soldiers. When Baker then further aggravated them by arresting a cousin of theirs, they demanded that he be released, or Bakers life would be forfeit. [162], Historians have been mixed in their appraisal of Anderson. endobj [44] Anderson personally killed 14 people. 270 0 obj The next day, the 4th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry pursued them, but Anderson launched an ambush that killed seven Union soldiers. They attacked the fort on October 6, but the 90 Union troops there quickly took refuge inside, suffering minimal losses. The latest Tweets from William T. Anderson (@Anders6William). https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-william-t, William "Bloody Bill" Anderson, Confederate guerilla and outlaw, was born possibly about 1839 to William and Martha Anderson in Missouri and in 1861 was a resident of Council Grove, Kansas, where he and his father and brothers achieved a reputation as horse thieves and murderers. casualty province . The guerrillas then attacked Allen, Missouri. Tragedy again increased Anderson's violence when, due to his infamy, his two sisters were imprisoned in a makeshift jail in Kansas City. 21-cv-0336-wjm-skc . W. C. Stewart, "Bill Anderson, Guerrilla," Texas Monthly, April 1929. [49] After a dead raider was scalped by a Union-allied Lenape Indian during the pursuit, one guerrilla leader pledged to adopt the practice of scalping. [99], On the morning of September 26, Anderson left his camp with about 75 men to scout for Union forces. Relatives & Associates. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, People of Missouri in the American Civil War, Official Records of the American Civil War, "Indebtedness and the Origins of Guerrilla Violence in Civil War Missouri", http://www.international.ucla.edu/economichistory/geiger/geiger_jsh_art_1.pdf, "Sideshow no longer: A historiographical review of the guerrilla war", http://wsw.uga.edu/files/CW_Guerrilla_Historiography.pdf, "'Wildwood Boys' Brings Bloody Bushwacker to Life", http://cjonline.com/stories/012801/art_wildwoodboys.shtml, "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount 1774 to Present". [20], William and Jim Anderson soon formed a gang with a man named Bill Reed; in February 1863, the Lexington Weekly Union recorded that Reed was the leader of the gang. Anderson was hit by a bullet behind an ear, likely killing him instantly. William T. Anderson [51] Shortly after the initial assault, a larger group of Union troops approached Fort Blair, unaware that the fort had been attacked and that the men they saw outside the fort dressed in Union uniforms were actually disguised guerrillas. At the head of 150 men, Cox rode north to the village of Albany, Missouri, where hed been told he would find the notorious bushwhacker. WebWilliam T. Anderson--aka "Bloody Bill Anderson"--was born in Hopkins County, KY, in 1840. William and Jim Anderson then traveled southwest of Kansas City, robbing travelers to support themselves. [60], A short time later, one of Anderson's men was accused of stealing from one of Quantrill's men. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. nc . When in August 1863 two of his sisters were killed and a third crippled for life in the collapse of a makeshift jail in which they were being held by Union authorities, the already ferocious Anderson redoubled his frenzy of killing. order granting in part and denying in part defendant lubrizol advanced materials, inc.s early motion for partial summary judgment 290 0 obj [93], Anderson met Todd and Quantrill on September 24, 1864; although they had clashed in the past, they agreed to work together. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. [148] Union soldiers claimed that Anderson was found with a string that had 53 knots, symbolizing each person he had killed. [132] Price instructed Anderson to travel to the Missouri railroad and disrupt rail traffic,[131] making Anderson a de facto Confederate captain. endstream William - better-known as Bill - was the oldest of five children who would live past childhood. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. Showing Editorial results for WILLIAM Retrieved from , see Albert Castel & Tom Goodrich, Bloody Bill Anderson, pp. WebListen to Books & Original. Reviews. panel / line. WebView the profiles of people named William T. Anderson. I am a thousand winds that blow, I am the diamond After hearing their accusations against his sons, he was incensedhe found Baker's involvement particularly infuriating. Some local citizens suspected that the Anderson family was assisting Griffith and traveled to their house to confront William C. Anderson. He had at least 3 sons and 3 daughters with Mahala Cole Wilson. Raised by a family of Southerners in Kansas, Anderson began supporting himself by stealing and selling horses in 1862. The most hated, feared man in Missouri was, at long last, dead. [125] They burned Rocheport to the ground on October 2; the town was under close scrutiny by Union forces, owing to the number of Confederate sympathizers there, but General Fisk maintained that the fire was accidental. civil action no. Bloody Bill Andersons brutal career came to an end in a masterful Union ambush. [40] Anderson was placed in charge of 40 men, of which he was perhaps the angriest and most motivatedhis fellow guerrillas considered him one of the deadliest fighters there. Tags: Where he was known was mainly as an accomplice to Quantrill. At first, the Anderson brothers robbed pro-Union and pro-Confederacy civilians alike, seeking only to profit themselves. In what became known as the Centralia Massacre, possibly the war's deadliest and most brutal guerrilla action, his men killed 24 Union soldiers on the train and set an ambush later that day that killed more than 100 Union militiamen. He lived in Indianapolis, Marion, Indiana, United States in 1910 and Detroit Ward 14, Detroit, Wayne, Michigan, United States in [98] Although a large group of guerrillas was assembled, their leaders felt that there were no promising targets to attack, because all of the large towns nearby were heavily guarded. Robert B. Kice. WebBiography: William T. Anderson, also known as "Bloody Bill," was an American soldier that operated in Missouri and Kansas as a Confederate guerilla leader during the American Although the family prospered at first, a devastating drought that struck Kansas in 1861 left them too poor to flee the state.
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