related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent

In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Cite this article. Another certain benefit of making lemongrass as an insect repellent is its The research subjects to be observed and experimented were the mosquitoes 2012;111:195364. Grognet J. Catnip: its uses and effects, past and present. Human Expand View via Publisher Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. Tyagi B. NO HARSH CHEMICALS, ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES OR TOXINS Great for families and the environment. Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. Its easy to apply just dot on exposed skin and blend in. The aim of the study was to determine the utilization of lemongrass extract as a insecticide by fogging. 2009;41:28. killing them. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. gives are analgesic, meaning they relieve pain. stephensi for 8h, while Eucalyptus globulus complete protection time was reported to be 5.5h. Auysawasdi et al. minimus for 0.5h [45]. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify further pertinent articles using references from retrieved studies. Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. 2011;4:10611. neighborhood. 2003;10:1814. Alwala O, Wanzala W, Inyambukho R, Osundwa E, Ndiege I. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. C. Making the Insect Repellent 2009;27:2632. dirus for 4.5h [46]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. minimus [45] and An. Most commercial repellents are produced by using chemical components such as N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), Allethrin, N, N-diethyl mendelic acid amide, and Dimethyl phthalate [1]. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. that can be used as an insect repellent. % Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. 2006;1:911. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. In 3 studies, repellency effectiveness of turmeric was examined. endobj Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Conceptual Framework and Accounting Standards (Conrado T. Valix, Jose F. Peralta, and Christian Aris M. Valix), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (Warren L. McCabe; Julian C. Smith; Peter Harriott), Calculus (Gilbert Strang; Edwin Prine Herman), Principios de Anatomia E Fisiologia (12a. 2001;26:7682. It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. Tamil Nadu India Sci Asia. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a01114897df77067d388156bfc0abdd2" );document.getElementById("b721d86728").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 2009;2009:e908085. Olive (O. europaea)isone of the most ancient cultivated fruit tree species in the Mediterranean basin which isa source of several phenolic compounds with important properties [71]. to the skin. subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. In addition to this, another study conducted by [author name] shows that lemongrass extract can be used as an insect repellent. [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. The following factors are discussed further with its relation to the trigger any allergies to the skin of the human subject. 2015;46:596601. gambiae [54]. The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. Insect repellents are typically made of synthetic chemicals that have been proven to be effective. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. Chichester: Wiley; 1996. p. 25466. Lemon Grass and Garlic as an Organic Insecticide Research Paper Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. 2005;42:95. Review of Literature. It is a plant and has many uses. Basically, a repellent stephensi. Tavassoli et al. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). (Gerard J. Tortora), The Law on Obligations and Contracts (Hector S. De Leon; Hector M. Jr De Leon), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Auditing and Assurance Concepts and Applications (Darell Joe O. Asuncion, Mark Alyson B. Ngina, Raymund Francis A. Escala), Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Rubin's Pathology (Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Jay M. McDonald (M.D. 2013;97:2631. centered over the receiving vessel. .uM.4/&@Kg,4]-iZ7- VdM!t20tICI^zR4KkE+BGo?woKDtG@3, X1u4FEck$RY'u8!. The following categories of products use botanicals or plant extracts that are applied to plant foliage. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. [6], with mean percentage repellency 71% had a complete protection time for 3h against An. [47] showed that orange repels An. cover, and a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel that is shown in Figure 1. be brought in the market (Fernandez, 2013). https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. Forgot to apply No-Bite-Me and got some bug bites? 2003;40:100. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass leaves extract as an alternative Mosquito repellent. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. Privacy Tag: lemongrass insect repellent review of related literature - WorldNgayon The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. 2014;2:707. everywhere throughout the world have come to depend on the strong insect repellent [54], no remarkable repellency effect against An. Tuetun B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, et al. Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 1997;123:37986. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. 2010;13:8596. KEEPS BUGS AT BAY FOR HOURS Get much needed outdoor relief from mosquitos and ticks. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development 2000;73:20711. It is relatively easy to grow and its antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial properties make it a great addition to your first-aid kit beside natural insect repellents. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. The process of using lemongrass as a pesticide is fairly simple. Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. The J Appl Sci. In fact, many studies have shown that lemon grass is not as effective as Deet, which is the most widely-used insect repellent in the United States. lemongrass as an insect repellent and to raise awareness on how to prevent insect- Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. 25/25 Repel. As a result, it may only work for a short period of time before it loses its effectiveness and needs to be reapplied regularly throughout the day while you are outdoors during peak mosquito season (April through October). 1999;36:6259. Lemongrass has insecticidal properties and the extracted oil is used as Lemongrass is a natural pesticide. Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A. et al. All titles and abstracts were screened by two independent investigators for eligibility. However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the dirus. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. ), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. The percentage repellency of citronella in other studies. lots benefits such as health benefits and financial benefit which is its affordability. Chapter Distillation Process is technique used for separating substances which are Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. Miele M, Dondero R, Ciarallo G, Mazzei M. Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv genovese gigante. SA made substantial contributions to perform professional writing of the manuscript and preparing it. 2013;11:374411. 1 0 obj Lemongrass has been shown to have the insecticidal and insect-repellent ability towards several insects, including mosquitoes [14], houseflies [15], sand flies [16] and fruit flies (Drosophila . Almehmadi RM. The present systematic review was performed to reveal which plant-based repellent can be relied on to provide a prolonged and predictable protection from species of Anopheles mosquitoes without causing side effects on human health. 2015;437:2826. is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as [41] used E. globulus essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations against An. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. Barnard et al. Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. PubMed Central The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. registered in the list of EPA-GRAS. The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. stephensi. Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The Rawani A, Banerjee A, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of Polianthes tuberosa plants extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The Effectiveness of Lemon Grass and Garlic as - Course Hero transportation to go at our research environment. Article CAS The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Throw a tin in your backpack, or keep it handy when camping. The researchers wanted to conduct a research about the This number is also significantly higher than those killed by other types of insect repellents. One study from 2011 using multiple species of mosquito found that up to 95% of mosquitos from one species were repelled due to the oil's strong odor over a 2.5 hour period (2). DEET Sci. Parasitol Res. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. dirus for 0.83h. Phasomkusolsi et al. Innocent E, Hassanali A. The study has found out that lemon grass is an effective and alternative natural insect repellent. stephensi for 7.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. Yasodha R, Sumathi R, Chezhian P, Kavitha S, Ghosh M. Eucalyptus microsatellites mined in silico: survey and evaluation. In the study by Phasomkusolsil et al. Analytical Investigation of The Extract of Lemon Grass Leaves in Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. It wont take most of their time, effort and money to buy insect repellent 2011;4:698705. Studies on Mosquito Repellent Activity of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemon borne diseases. This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites: systematic review of controlled laboratory experimental studies. since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. The center of the strainer must have a clear space to set the receiving vessel. The Efficacy of Some Commercially Available Insect Repellents for Lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes. 2008;7:152. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Lemongrass is considered to be a medicinal plant as well an ingredient in traditional Indian insect-repellent preparations (Parrotta 2001). One tin provides plenty of relief for you and the whole family. Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. It should be noted that pure lemongrass oil can be hazardous to human Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. properties of lemon grass and use it as an individual and area spray. alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. gambiae [54]. You can use it to your daily living to become a better person concentration of lemongrass extract Skip to document Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB. (PDF) Plant-based insect repellents: A review of their efficacy Citronella extracted from lemongrass can also be sprayed in areas where youd like to deter pests. alternative insect repellent. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. lemongrass is extracted by steam distillation which is simply by pouring boiling Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. Lemongrass | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center For Adult Patients About Diagnosis & Treatment Lemongrass Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Common Names Fever grass Barbed wire grass Silky heads Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers attempts Karunamoorthi K, Mulelam A, Wassie F. Laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against Anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in Ethiopia. 1990;31:455. Pak J Weed Sci Res. PubMed Central [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. 2018;101:197201. convenient to the fellow researchers. recommend the following: For the Future Researchers who would like to conduct the experiment that in All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. study: Citronella Grass (Lemongrass) are the species used for production of Mosquito repellent activity of essential oil of Ethiopian ethnomedicinal plant against Afro-tropical malarial vector Anopheles arabiensis. However, studies have focused more on the search for active compounds than on optimal formulations [8, 29]. As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants 2014;21:21929. 2011;1:S1138. found that lemon eucalyptus extract is not affective against An. Parasitol Res. Pappenberger B, Geier M, Boeckh J. Lemongrass also has many other benefits including being an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiseptic and antioxidant. Responses of antennal olfactory receptors in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to human body odours. Malaria Journal THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS N by - Prezi [47] also found that 0.1ml of peppermint essential oil protect against An. Trav Med Infect Dis. 10ml of water 2006;99:478. dirus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Benefits of Lemongrass Oil as Natural Alternative Insect Repellent Citronella (50ml) & Lemon Grass (50ml) - 100ml Total . This research aims to create a Natural Alternative Insect Repellent with the use Electronic Led Mosquito Killer Lamps Machine for Home Insect Killer insect repellent. Lemongrass Research - Chapter I Introduction Background of The Study endobj (PDF) The effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) extract as Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding Figure 2. volume18, Articlenumber:436 (2019) and for keeping them safe. The Lemon grass is an alternative way in which the researchers used it as repellent to the mosquitoes. As cost is a significant factor, examination of the use of local florae as repellents is highly suggested. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. Lemongrass oil is also thought to be beneficial in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. 2013;19:17989. Sanghong R, Junkum A, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, Tuetun B, et al. It works on insects without harming or First, a poorly inspected confounding aspect is the effect of sweating on the effectiveness and protection time of repellents, which are approximately all water-soluble, and this might limits the comparability of repellents. Karunamoorthi et al. general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Indian J Pharmacol. dirus for 1.08h. Cinnamomumisa genus in the Laurel family, Lauraceae, several of which are investigated for their antibacterial activity by means of essential oils from bark and leaves [67]. Advances in vector mosquito control technologies, with particular reference to herbal products. outbursts of insect borne diseases, dengue fever, stings and bites. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. A recent study revealed that An. 2016;115:180716. PDF IJMRK2 The effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus extract as If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. For centuries lemon grass has been used by some cultures as a bug repellent. [44] found that hairy basil oil provides 100% protection against An. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization. Fish Shellfish Immunol. According to homeguides.safegate, lemongrass gas large amount 2014;4:S21420. In addition to being a plant-based mosquito repeller, this spray will kill and repel hundreds of common pests, such as gnats, ticks, fleas, no-see-ums, spiders, and other biting flies. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. The product was able to withstand for as long as 3 hours upon repelling Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. The leaves are long and narrow, with pointed tips and serrated edges. As said by Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. Parasitol Res. The study is to be conducted on the year 2019 at Buenavista Homes, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu. SALLYE ANDER PROMISE: When you buy Sallye Ander products, you can rest assured knowing you are supporting a company committed to quality and the environment. Govindarajan et al. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. the product. reduce mosquito landing around 40%. Literature Review Of Literature On Mosquito Control | ipl.org This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-derived repellents and their role in disease control. Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. Aquaculture. Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). The repellency effect of orange against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 4 studies. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. be done at home. 2001;49:51721. 2015;14:12833. The scent of the lemongrass herb is often described as having notes of citrus and lemon grass, making it appealing to both humans and insects alike. Med Vet Entomol. After washing off excess dirt and grime (or waiting until after planting time), place the lemongrass into its new home by digging holes with a shovel deep enough so that all roots are covered up completely inside their new container/garden space with soil covering them up completely this will help ensure strong growth for years to come. Alayo M, Femi-Oyewo M, Bakre L, Fashina A. Larvicidal potential and mosquito repellent activity of Cassia mimosoides extracts. 2005;36:1423. Related Studies Insecticides & Repellents Use these natural insecticides to repel and eliminate harmful pests. Abiy E, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Medhin G. Repellent efficacy of DEET, MyggA, neem (Azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) oil against Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in Ethiopia. GROUP-7.docx - ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 - 2020 THE EFFECTIVENESS Chemical composition and mosquito repellency of essential oil of Conyza newii propagated in different geographical locations of Kenya. These specific insects were chosen for they have this characteristic in which safe it would be for them to use it every single day. No mess. Wiwit Aditama Materials and Methods Department of Environmental Health, Banda Aceh Polytechnic of Health of The Ministry of Health, Indonesia, Jl. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM. The use of repellents to protect people from bites of mosquitoes previously has been acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme [6]. It has been identified that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported generally after misapplication [4]. PubMed [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. insect repellent spray which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe as it was Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) For the Society that lemongrass is one of the best plants to use in making the The repellent contains oil of eucalyptus and is marketed under two names: Repel Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent (WPC Brands) and Fite Bite Plant-Based Insect Repellent (Travel. culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. 2019 Sep 3;56(5):1346-1352. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz078. Ansari et al. Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a Spatial Repellent for Mosquitoes in a Field Setting J Med Entomol. Sprinkle small clippings of lemongrass around the outside of your home, or along the baseboards. immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the %PDF-1.5 Effective on black flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. Chemical properties of essential oil from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaf against malarial mosquito Anopheles stephensi and filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. ), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution to scale back the undesirable effects on environment and human health. This chapter contains the process used in determining the effectiveness of There was a significant difference in the use of lemongrass extract as a substitute for malathion with the mortality rate of Aedes aegpty mosquito (p-value < 0,001) 95% CI (15.69-18.31 . Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) on growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and possible disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. 2012;15:76673. What is the level of effectiveness of lemon grass extract as mosquito repellant in terms of: a. GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. By using this website, you agree to our lemongrass on mosquitoes and ants in an open area. Hence, major The effect of peppermint on Anopheles was explored in 3 studies. 2012;44:7989. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T. Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors. Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. Bioresource Technol. generally safe. [11] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11h. Amer et al. albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Family: Sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes.

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