white lotus rebellion

In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . "Tianlijiao ", in. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. . The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. And so the war was waged. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. . 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. [CDATA[ Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Updates? Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [6] "White Lotus Rebellion (present perfect, tell). In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com Szczepanski, Kallie. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Snow Lotus | Frisco TX @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { . The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Corrections? The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. . Kublai Khan White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. XIX Century Civil Wars. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. ." Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The rebels are all our own subjects. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Nothing is known of his end. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. }, Page last modified: The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. ." Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. ." When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. 22 Feb. 2023 . It took nine years of warfare and great loss. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. White Lotus - Wikiwand Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Szczepanski, Kallie. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Omissions? Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. View original page. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12).

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