john wayles jefferson descendants

[23] In 2007, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) declared Hemings to be a "Patriot of the Revolution" by virtue of her status as a prisoner of war, which automatically qualified Hemings' female descendants as eligible to join the DAR; Hemings was the first slave to be honored as such.[24]. His home was The Forest, in Charles City County. Elizabeth Hemings had twelve known children. Bowles seems to have worked for the Jefferson family as an enslaved domestic servant. He died on June 12, 1892. John Wayles's second marriage was to Tabitha Cocke. At the age of 26, Jefferson entered the volunteer Union Army on August 26, 1861, at Madison, Wisconsin. He married Tabitha Cocke. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. Wayles was born in the city of Lancaster on January 31, 1715. His writing career continued after the war,andhis move to Memphis,Tennesseeto become a cotton broker. Martha Jefferson: Wife of Thomas Jefferson - ThoughtCo They were likely cared for by aunts and a grandmother, Fossett had also arranged to buy his son Peter's freedom at a particular time. [20] Hemings lived in a house on Main Street. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. He took part in the great Vicksburg campaign, was wounded and mustered out in Madison in 1864. In Ohio, John and his two siblings were educated in integrated schoolsand lived in a free Black community. When a teenager, he sailed to Virginia, and there he acquired vast landholdings, over a hundred slaves, and enormous debts. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. Mary Hemings Bell (1753-after 1834) was born into slavery, most likely in Charles City County, Virginia, as the oldest child of Elizabeth Hemings, a mixed-race slave held by John Wayles. [2] Like her mother and sisters, she worked in the household where she took care of Martha Jefferson and her children, sewed, and cleaned. Peter died aft 1827. Eston was freed in 1829 at the age of 21, as provided for in President Jefferson's will. Thank you for fulfilling this photo request. Fawn McKay Brodie and Annette Gordon-Reed presented new analyses that assessed the historiography, showing evidence that other historians had overlooked. He fought in significant battles of the war and was wounded at Vicksburg and during the Siege of Corinth. Descendants today did not learn of their African American heritage until the 1970s. His older siblings,Beverly and Harriet,were allowed to escape Monticello and start new lives up Northbefore Jeffersons death. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. In 2007 Mary Hemings Bell was recognized as a Patriot of the Daughters of the American Revolution, because she had been taken as a prisoner of war during the American Revolution. In those years, women had a high rate of mortality related to childbirth. A year after her marriage to Thomas Jefferson, his oldest daughter Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson inherited the Hemings family and 125 other slaves, along with 11,000 acres and debts as part of her father's estate. During his lifetime, there were speculations about a potential union between Jefferson and Hemings. But they were born into slavery under the slave law principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which children of slave mothers took the status of the mother. 1689, Chesterfield Co., Va.; d. 1746, Charles City Co., Va. Francis Eppes, b. The first child of this marriage, Sarah, did not survive to adulthood. Wayles' second marriage, according to Jefferson's notes, was to a woman of the Cocke family (no first name is given). He never married. She became his common-law wife and they had two children together. You can always change this later in your Account settings. Instead of her picture though, officials will project a shadow of a female slave on a wall. Goochland County Deed Book,10:169-70, 12:217-19. [1], Wayles received his licence to practice law in Virginia in 1741, entering into the profession the very same year. Some sources state that Martha was born on October 19, 1748. 1685, Henrico Co., Va.; d. November 7, 1733 or 1734, Nottoway Co., Va., m. Sarah Kennon, b. Jefferson.". One of Mary's most notable descendants was William Monroe Trotter, who became a prominent Boston newspaper publisher, human rights activist, and a founder of the Niagara Movement, precursor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). One was that he was already trained as a lawyer. On September 28, 1861 he was promoted to Major; to Lieutenant Colonel on April 23, 1863; and to Colonel on June 16, 1864. that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales, who was the father of the actual Mrs. There she was a valued domestic servant. Even though the pairwasfinancially successfulwhen the Civil War broke out,both brothers joined the Union Army as white soldiers. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. The 135 slaves, which included Betty Hemings and her ten children, that Jefferson acquired from Wayles's estate made him the second largest slaveowner in Albemarle County with a total of 187 slaves. Their mother Sally lived with them until her death in 1835. As shown in the diagram below the John Carr descendants and the Thomas . Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. Articles under his name in the Memphis Daily Avalanche cover such matters as improving streets, enlarging the city's boundaries, and preventing cotton-warehouse fires.[4]. Her father was an English sea captain named Hemings, and her mother was an African woman. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. When British forces led by Benedict Arnold raided Richmond searching for Jefferson, they took Mary Hemings and other slaves owned by him as prisoners of war. In 1902, a former neighbor recalled:and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. There is some question as to the surname of Tabitha. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. The couple lived together all their lives. Similarly, a letter from Thomas Turner in the May 31, 1805 Boston Repertory states, "an opinion has existed . The Secret of Colonel John Wayles Jefferson Wisconsinology (They were prohibited from marriage by Virginia law at the time.). In a retrospective article aboutEstonslife in 1902,published by thelocal Chillicothe paperThe Scioto Gazette, the author reminiscentabouthisinteractionswith John. John Wayles | Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters Article of Agreemt made this 3d July 1764 Between the Honble Peter Randolph Esqr & John Wayles The said Randolph Agrees to Convey in Ffee unto the said Wayles or his Assigns two tracts of Land Viz Popler forest & Judys Creek containg . The house no longer exists, but a historic marker on State Route 5 commemorates the site of Jefferson's wedding. Twins, a girl and a boy, who died within hours of their birth on December 23, 1746. The first husband of Elizabeth Lomax was Reuben Skelton - he was the brother of Martha Jefferson's first husband, Bathurst Skelton; thus Martha Wayles Skelton's brother-in-law was her stepmother's first husband. In addition to these businesses, Wayles also worked as an agent for Farrell and Jones of Bristol, included performing debt collection. Jefferson wrote as a newspaper correspondent during and after the war, publishing articles about his experiences. Thomas was born in Shadwell, Goochland, Virginia 2 Apr 1743. A December 20, 1802 letter from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his first wife." [27], Wayles was not known to acknowledge his children by Betty, nor did he free her or them in his will. which has lent credence to the family's claim of descent from Thomas Jefferson. He was the grandson of Sarah Hemings, a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson. Bear in his "The Hemings Family of Monticello" says that her surname was Cocke , but in his book The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson, Samuel H. Sloan says that it is more likely Cooke. The Secret Family of Thomas Jefferson - California State University His cousins James Madison Hemings and Thomas Eston Hemings served in the United States Colored Troops.According to his service records, John had red hair and gray eyes. Try again later. Try again later. Col. John Wayles. Every purchase supports the mission. [13], The infant's 27 year-old mother died six days later on November 5, 1748.[1]. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. John Wayles and Tabitha Cocke had the following children: Elizabeth Wayles. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. She died on 10 February 1761. Jefferson wrote little about his wife's death, making this entry into his account book on September 6, 1782: "My dear wife died this day at 11H -45' A.M." He took command of the Wisconsin 8th Infantry during the American Civil War. Thomas Jefferson & Sally Hemings' Children: Meet His Black Family - Ranker Secondly, Wayles married a member of the Cocke family, also of the planter class. Hemings family tradition tells that Captain Hemings tried to buy Elizabeth from Wayles; but he refused to sell her. Thomas Jefferson's accounts with John Wayles, Fee Book. They had two daughters who survived to adulthood, but only one lived past age 25. The following year, Jefferson relocated his household to the new capital of Richmond. Bear in his "The Hemings Family of Monticello" says that her surname was Cocke , but in his book The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson, Samuel H. Sloan says that it is more likely Cooke. He established his home at The Forest, in Charles City County.. On May 3, 1746, Wayles married Martha Eppes, born at Bermuda Hundred on April 10 . James died 1801 at 36 years of age. At Monticello this year, visitors will walk into Jeffersons house, will stare into Sally Hemingss bare room, and outside they will walk along Mulberry Row, and look into the slaves huts, a devastating reminder that the writer of the Declaration of Independence owned people. Sally died 1835 in Charlottesville, Albemarle, Virginia, at 62 years of age. While some descendants fight to reduce the division, others choose to pass over into a white identity. His first wife was Martha Eppes, born at Bermuda Hundred on 10 April 1721; they married on 3 May 1746. Isaac Jefferson, Memoirs, 4; Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Pike County Republican, March 13, 1873. He was wounded during theSiege of Corinth but continued to serve. To add a flower, click the Leave a Flower button. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. Because of the legal doctrinepartussequiturventrum, the status of the mother determined if her children were to be enslaved or free. [7] In Virginia, Wayles became part of the planter elite. Add to your scrapbook. Son of Eston John Jefferson and Julia Ann Hemings Kenneth Lyn, Marriage & Family Therapist, Diamond Bar, CA, 91765, (626) 774-8119, I specialize in treatment of couples, families and individuals. However, when the Fugitive SlaveAct passedin 1852, Ohio became a dangerous place forfree Blacks. When he died in 1892, his body was interred at Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison in the family plot. There Eston changed his name to Eston H. Jefferson; his children also adopted the new surname, and the family passed as white.John W. Jefferson entered the United States Army on August 26, 1861, at Madison, Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, John made a name for himself by operating the American HouseHotel in downtown Madison with his brother William. His death was a result of suicide and there is conjecture that heavy drinking was involved, based on a letter from William Evans to Thomas Jefferson in which Evans verified for Jefferson the way James died. His first and middle name were after his great-grandfather John Wayles. "Thomas Jefferson's Unknown Grandchildren: A Study in Historical Silences", Dinitia Smith and Nicholas Wade, "DNA Test Finds Evidence of Jefferson Child by Slave", "Thomas Jefferson's Madison Descendants? To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. The eldest son of Eston Hemings (1808-1856) and Julia Ann Isaacs Hemings (1814-1889), he was the grandson of Sarah (Sally) Hemings, a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson. He became a lawyer. John Wayles (January 31, 1715 - May 28, 1773) was a colonial American planter, slave trader and lawyer in colonial Virginia. He married Martha Eppes in Henrico County, Virginia, ca 1746. Before she died, she made Thomas promise that he would never marry again, and he never did. Public Member Trees - Ancestry.com Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. She was a young widow. cemeteries found in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Weve updated the security on the site. On that basis, John is believed to have been a grandson of Thomas Jefferson. Wayles' continual rapes of slave Betty Hemings resulted in six additional children, including Sally Hemings, who was the mother of six children by Thomas Jefferson and half-sister of Martha Jefferson. His wife's name is also given as Mary Cocke. Related through his mother to Martha Wayles Skelton, the wife of Thomas Jefferson, Eppes was close to Jefferson. Family History Learning Hub ; My Trees ; Start a New Tree ; Upload a GEDCOM ; Search & Browse. Thenia Hemings was born 1767. 0 cemeteries found in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, USA. Father of Martha Skelton Jefferson; Sarah Wayles; Elizabeth Eppes; Tabitha Skipwith; Anne Skipwith and 6 others; Robert Hemings; James Hemings; Thenia Hemings; Critta Hemings; Peter Hemings and Sarah 'Sally' Hemings less However, he never publicly acknowledged these connections. After the death of Elizabeth Lomax (28 May 1763), Wayles took the half-black half-white slave Betty Hemings as his concubine and had six children by her. Her father was born in Lancaster, England and emmigrated alone to Virginia in 1734, at the age of nineteen, leaving family in England. Col. John Wayles Jefferson 1835-1892 - Ancestry Wayles also worked as a lawyer and slave trader. [22] She finished her days in Charlottesville. She married twice. Martha Eppes Wayles gave birth to fraternal twins on 23 December 1746, but the girl was stillborn and the boy lived only a few hours. Learn more about managing a memorial . See a tree for the family of John F. Kennedy. Col. John Wayles Jefferson married Anna Maude Smith and had 5 children. In Virginia, Wayles became part of the planter elite. [1][a] Betty was the biracial daughter of an enslaved African woman and, an English sea captain whose surname was Hemings. Both were given one-way ticketsout of Virginia with the understanding that they couldnotreturnto Virginiaunless they wanted toreturn to slavery. Wayles was not known to acknowledge his children by Betty, nor did he free her or them in his will. John Wayles Jefferson | American Battlefield Trust Try again. The family lived as part of the white community in Madison and for the rest of their lives. John Wayles Jefferson was born in Charlottesville in 1835. Sally Hemings was born in Guinea Plantation, Cumberland, Virginia 1773. [10], Eventually becoming a slave trader, Wayles earned a fortune from the institution of slavery. He said an agreement to allow the burial of Hemings descendants in the Jefferson cemetery would be a . https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/41104369/john-wayles-jefferson. GREAT NEWS! The mother died less than a week later on 5 November 1748, at the age of 27. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. This was one of the first four shires in the colony and located in the Tidewater region along the north side of the James River. He was born in Lancaster, England,in 1715 and emigrated to Virginia, likely in the 1730s, though the date is not known. John Wayles (1715-1773) - Find a Grave Memorial Partner of Elizabeth Hemings After the death of Wayles in 1773, Elizabeth, Mary, and her family were inherited by Thomas Jefferson, the husband of Martha Wayles Skelton, a daughter of Wayles, and all moved to Monticello. Directions to Diamond Bar, CA - MapQuest He is historically best known as the father-in-law of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. While Jefferson was in France, Hemings was hired out to Thomas Bell, a wealthy white merchant in Charlottesville, Virginia. Save to an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or Print. GENERAL INFORMATION: Skelton / Jefferson (born Wayles), Martha Skelton Jefferson, 3rd President Of The United States Of America (born Wayles), Elizabeth &quo Sally Hemings, Martha Jefferson, James Hemings, Mary Hemings, Betty Hemings, Martha Eppes, Tabitha Cocke, James Hemings, Martha Jefferson, Sally Hemings, Jan 31 1715 - St. Mary's Parish, Lancaster, Lancashire, England, May 28 1773 - "The Forest" Plantation, Charles City, Virginia, Colonial America, n, Mary Hemings, Robert Hemings, James Hemings, Thenia Hemings, Critta Hemings, Peter Hemings, Sally Jefferson (born Hemmings), John Hemings, Edward Wayles, Wayles (born Waller). Several sources attest that after the death of his third wife, the widower Wayles took his mixed-race slave Elizabeth Hemings, then about 26 years old, as his concubine, a practice relatively common among planters. He established his home atThe Forest, in Charles City County. His plantation, called "The Forest",[b] was located in Charles City County. The four who survived childhood were considered slaves, because of Sallys status, although they were seven-eighths white. Critta died aft 1827. If the information of his lineage was revealed, John could have lost his command in the Union Army,lost his potential forfuturebusiness dealings, and lost his place in society. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! If you want to learn how to relate, communicate . 461-63. This account has been disabled. Thanks for your help! Although there are factual sources showing that Wayles fathered children on slave Betty Hemings, author William G. Hyland, Jr. continued to deny it. Described by Thomas Jefferson Randolph as being "light colored and decidedly . When John Wayles died, Thomas Jefferson inherited Wayles slaves, including Betty Hemings and her children, who lived and worked in Monticello, Jeffersons home. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. Her maternal great-great grandparents Francis Eppes and his wife Frances emigrated from England to Virginia sometime before 1659. Col. John Wayles Jefferson. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=spot54&id John Wayles of "The Forest" worked at Phil John Wayles of "The Forest" worked as Atto 2. Sarah Jefferson Bell. John Wayles | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello After the death of his first wife, Martha Eppes (the mother of Mrs. Jefferson), John Wayles married two more times; he married secondly to Mary Cocke by whom he had one [name unknown] daughter who died young; John Wayles married a third time, on 3, January 1760 to Elizabeth Lomax, with whom he had three daughters. ADDRESS: John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson, and Sally Hemings I think she did.. Family members linked to this person will appear here. Martha Eppes Wayles died less than a week later, on November 5, 1748, at the age of 27. Trusted information source for millions of people worldwide. [2], After the death of his third wife, John Wayles took his slaveElizabeth Hemingsas his "concubine", according to several sources, and was the father of her childrenRobert,James,Peter,Critta,Sally, and Thenia Hemings.[3]. Thomas died 4 Jul 1826 in Monticello, Albemarle, Virginia, at 83 years of age. They had several children: Wayles' second wife died sometime between August 1756 and January 1760. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Sheremained with Madison andEstonuntilshe diedin 1835. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. [22] They also inherited 4,000 in debt. [1], After the death of his third wife Wayles took his slave Elizabeth Hemings as his mistress, according to several sources. Elizabeth Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello On September 28, 1861 he was promoted to Major; to Lieutenant Colonel on April 23, 1863; and to Colonel on June 16, 1864. Madison, already 21, had been freed immediately. Please enter your email and password to sign in. While Madison Hemings began telling reporters about Sally and Jeffersons relationship in 1873, Johnremained silent. Jefferson's will freed Madison and Eston Hemings shortly after the president's death in 1826; Eston was "given his time" so that he did not have to wait until the age of 21 for freedom. Also known as Sally, in 1802 she married Jesse Scott, who was a musician who performed across Virginia with his sons. Nash, Gary B.; Hodges, Graham R.G. Year should not be greater than current year. Elizabeth Eppes (born Wayles), Tabitha Skipwith (born Wayles), Anne Skipwith (born Wayles), Robert Hemings, James Hemings, Thenia Hemings Wayles), Tabitha Skipwith (born Wayles), Anne Skipwith (born Wayles), Robert Hemings, James Hemings, Thenia Hemings, Critta Hemings, Pete St. Mary's Parish, Lancaster, Lancashire, England, Phillip Ludwell, Green Springs Plantation, Virginia, The Forest Plantation, Charles City, Virginia, Colonial America, Attorneys to Judges - the American Legal System. Eston and Julia's second child, Anna Wayles Hemings (18371866), was also born in Charlottesville. Brother of Anne Wayles Pearson and Pvt. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. Private Member Trees. The majority of Wayles' papers and financial records do not survive, having disappeared from Eppington in the mid-nineteenth century. Jefferson never married. She married Thomas Jefferson in The Forest, Charles City Co., Virginia, 1 Jan 1772. Critta Hemings was born 1769. And they tested John Weeks Jefferson known to be a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally's youngest son. [3], Mary Hemings had six children, some of whom were freed and some of whom were separated from her when they were sold.[2]. Wayles married three times, with these marriages producing eleven children; only five of them lived to adulthood. By 1794 he had divested himself of 161 individuals. For instance his two oldest children were taught to read and write, allowed to earn their own money, and allowed to travel by themselves. Wayles' three sons-in-law, including Thomas Jefferson, decided to break up the estate and its debts. He left substantial property, including many slaves, but the estate was encumbered with debt. Before the Civil War, John W. Jefferson operated the American House hotel in Madison, Wisconsin, where he brought on his younger brother Beverly to help and learn the business. John Wayles was Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson's father, Thomas Jefferson's father-in-law. Almost two years later, on October 31, 1748, Martha Wayles gave birth to her only surviving child, also named Martha. How awful. In 1902, a former neighbor from Chillicothe recalled John Jefferson's concerns about his mixed ancestry in the social climate of the times: and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. [17] After the death of his third wife, Wayles began a relationship with 26 year-old Betty Hemings. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Whileinjuredin the siege, John continued to fightandwas promoted to Colonelfor his efforts. He passed away on 13 Jun 1892 in Madison, Dane, Wisconsin. By this honor, all her female descendants are eligible to join the DAR. With his partner, Elizabeth, they had six children: Robert, James, Critta, Thenia, Peter and Sally Hemings. There are different accounts of how John Wayles arrived in Colonial America. The following year, Eston purchased property in Charlottesville, on which he and his brother Madison built a house. Over seventy-five of her descendants lived and worked at Monticello as butlers, seamstresses, weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, gardeners, and musicians. John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson, and Sally Hemings, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Editorial: Read Across America Day highlights the importance of reading, 'Top 10' reasons Jesus is worthy of worship, Cellulitis versus DVTwhen should you panic, Calf tears and achilles tears nothing you want to mess with, How to respond when God says no to your prayers, What you should know about the Keep Colorado Wild Pass. She married Bathurst Skelton 1766. We have set your language to Y-DNA tests conducted in 1998 confirmed that a male-line descendant of John's brother Beverly had a male ancestor in common with male-line descendants of the Jefferson line. The number fluctuated approximately 200 slaves until 1784 when he began to give away or sell slaves. John Wayles Hemings was the eldest child of Eston and Julia, born in Charlottesville in 1835. Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazinevol. Thomas Jefferson and Wayles's other co-executors spent several years handling the complex estate. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. Thomas was the son of Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph. Jefferson and other co-executors of the Wayles estate worked for years to clear it of debt. John's birth name was Hemings..he later adopted the name Jefferson. Also fathered Sally Hemmings 1773 by a slave mistress Elizabeth 'Betty' Hemmings after his wife died. WithJeffersons interventionbefore his death,both wereallowed to remain in Virginia even though the law stated that all free-Blacks were to leave the state within twelve months of emancipation. He fought in significant battles of the war and was wounded at Vicksburg and during the Siege of Corinth. John Wayles Jefferson (born John Wayles Hemings; May 8, 1835 - June 12, 1892), was an American businessman and Union Army officer in the American Civil War. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. It had a thriving free black community. The children were three-quarters European in ancestry and half-siblings to his two daughters by his first and second wives. He never married. There, the entire family took the surname "Jefferson" to reflect Eston's and the children's ancestry. Trusted by millions of genealogists since 2003. Born in England, he soon immigrated to Virginia in the 1730s and married Martha Eppes which he had 3 children with, only one Martha lived to adulthood. Jefferson kept Mary's slightly older children, Joseph Fossett, age 12, and Betsy, then age nine, at Monticello, splitting up the family. Jefferson. They are widely understood to have been the children of President Thomas Jefferson, Hemings' master. They had several children: Sarah, did not survive to adulthood. His birth name was John Wayles Hemings. In 1902, a former neighbor recalled:and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. This Act gave authorization for slave catchers to pursue fugitive slaves into Northern territories and return them to their previous slave owners formonetary rewards.

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