the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. [53] During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 and brought a drastic territorial and demographic decline when the House of Habsburg introduced counter-reformational measures throughout their vast possessions in Central Europe. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. This Catholic reform movement is called the Counter-Reformation. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000 in 2004. This massacre was perhaps the most notorious episode of religious violence of the Reformation era. Leaders within the Roman Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Confutatio Augustana in 1530, the Council of Trent in 1545, the formation of the Jesuits in 1540, the Defensio Tridentin fidei in 1578, and also a series of wars and expulsions of Protestants that continued until the 19th century. It emphasizes that the reaction to the Protestant challenge was the dominant theme of contemporary Catholicism. Profound social and political changes were taking place in the West, with the awakening of . About one person in seventy-five was part of the Church, as a priest, monk, nun, or member of a lay order. The unique government (Poland was a republic where the citizen nobility owned the state) meant the king could not enforce a religious settlement even he if so desired. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. ], the majority of Slovaks (~60%) were Lutherans. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Zwingli, inspired by Dutch theologian Cornelius Hoen, believed that the Communion bread was only representative and memorialChrist was not present. [citation needed], Luther and his followers did not see these theological developments as changes. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. Even later, Lutheranism gained a substantial following, after being permitted by the Habsburgs with the continued persecution of the Czech native Hussite churches. The Counter-Reformation Movement While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content. Updates? [49][50] Ducal Prussia was followed by many imperial free cities and other minor imperial entities. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. Notable reformers included Dr. Juan Gil and Juan Prez de Pineda who subsequently fled and worked alongside others such as Francisco de Enzinas to translate the Greek New Testament into the Spanish language, a task completed by 1556. This was a debate over the Christian religion. The citizens of Geneva became Protestant in the course of declaring independence from the town's lords, the local bishop and the Catholic Dukes of Savoy. The king was given possession of all church property, church appointments required royal approval, the clergy were subject to the civil law, and the "pure Word of God" was to be preached in the churches and taught in the schoolseffectively granting official sanction to Lutheran ideas. Arguably, the Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther's ninety-five theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, in the year 1517. [53] Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans,[54] yet he quickly adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, of whom the most famous was Hans Tausen. Erasmus and Louis de Berquin who was martyred in 1529), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. There were some notable opponents to the Henrician Reformation, such as Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, who were executed for their opposition. [12] In 1374, Catherine of Siena began travelling with her followers throughout northern and central Italy advocating reform of the clergy and advising people that repentance and renewal could be done through "the total love for God. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed . In the history of theology or philosophy, the Reformation era ended with the Age of Orthodoxy. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the New Testament into Basque[d] and Barnese for the benefit of her subjects. Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? . Let me propose three: 1 . This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The Reformation also spread widely throughout Europe, starting with Bohemia, in the Czech lands, and, over the next few decades, to other countries. The Lutheran Reformation was started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he wrote and published his Ninety-Five Theses. Though we might think of the Reformation in spiritual terms and view its legacy primarily as a renewed understanding of the Gospel, the work of Christ, and the role of Scripture in the life of the church, the reformers themselves had no choice but to be involved in politics. [citation needed]. Numerous colleges and universities were set up throughout the country: the Jesuits and Piarists were important in this regard but there were contributions of other religious orders such as the Dominicans. John Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. Leaders of the Protestants included Mtys Dvai Br, Mihly Sztrai, Istvn Szegedi Kis, and Ferenc Dvid. He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. In 1620, the Battle of White Mountain defeated Protestants in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) who sought to have the 1609 Letter of Majesty upheld. The Calvinist and Lutheran doctrine of the. In the first half of the 16th century, the enormous PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was a country of many religions and Churches, including: Roman Catholics, Byzantine Orthodox, Armenian Oriental Orthodox, Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites, and Sunni Muslims. The Counter-Reformation The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. Additionally, the Orthodox also sought to join the Catholic Church (accomplished in the Union of Brze [Brest]); however, this union failed to achieve a lasting, permanent, and complete union of the Catholics and Orthodox in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The Counter-Reformation was a period of spiritual, moral, and intellectual revival in the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, usually dated from 1545 (the opening of the Council of Trent) to 1648 (the end of the Thirty Years' War). The Church was omnipresent in early-modern European society. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. Why do you think he points out Walt Whitman's poem so directly? The Reformation had to be a political event. Through their education, many nobles became appreciative of Catholicism or out-right converted. ", "Protestantism and Education: Reading (the Bible) and Other Skills", "Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital", "Beyond Work Ethic: Religion, Individual, and Political Preferences", "Does a Protestant work ethic exist? Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. The few preachers who did take an interest in "Lutheranism", as it was called in Italy, were suppressed or went into exile to northern countries where their message was well received. The Waldensian Church survived in the Western Alps through many persecutions and remains a Protestant church in Italy.[82]. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose. After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism. ", Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book, D. Densil Morgan, "Calvinism in Wales: c. 15901909,", Church "Literature of the Italian reformation", History of Lutheranism The start of the Reformation, Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, Bible translated into High German by Luther, Luther's translation of the Bible into High German, spread of literacy in early modern Germany, list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation, adoption years for the Augsburg Confession, History of Austria Austria in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation (15171564), Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Religion in Norway From Reformation to 1964, Religion in Sweden Lutheran Reformation, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Part of the Church of Sweden, History of the Faroe Islands Reformation era, List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, History of Spain Phillip II and the wars of religion, History of Latvia German period, 11851561, Dimitrije Ljubavi Reformation: Lutherans and Serbs, History of Christianity in Romania Reformation, Reformation PolishLithuanian_Commonwealth, Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (14531821) cite ref-ZAKYTHINOS108 127-0, Protestantism and Islam Mutual tolerance, Jeremias II of Constantinople The Greek Augsburg Confession, resistance theory in the Early Modern period, United States Declaration of Independence, The Reformation and its influence on church architecture, Martin Chemnitz on the Doctrine of Justification, Martin Chemnitz's views on Trent: the genesis and the genius of the Examen Concilii Tridentini, "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language", "Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation", "Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation", "Adopting a New Religion: the Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany", "An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation", Malthus Meets Luther: the Economics Behind the German Reformation, "Multiplex Network Ties and the Spatial Diffusion of Radical Innovations: Martin Luther's Leadership in the Early Reformation", "America's dark and not-very-distant history of hating Catholics", Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston, "The Church in Wales: The Protestant Reformation", "Primo Trubar v enciklopedijah in leksikonih I", "Nova odkritja o slovenski protestantiki", "protestant Origin and meaning of protestant by Online Etymology Dictionary", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact", "Under which conditions does religion affect educational outcomes? Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. The first two Lutheran martyrs were monks from Antwerp, Johann Esch and Heinrich Hoes, who were burned at the stake when they would not recant. Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. The Reformation did not receive overt state support until 1525, although it was only due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise (who had a strange dream[48] the night prior to 31 October 1517) that Luther survived after being declared an outlaw, in hiding at Wartburg Castle and then returning to Wittenberg. The end of the sale of indulgences. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary (15531558), a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. This argument is best articulated in Robert Bireley's The Refashioning of Catholicism. From 1545, the Catholic Church fought back with a movement of its own - the Counter-Reformation, sending out Jesuit priests to campaign against the spread of Protestantism and convert the populations of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. [38], The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], A 2020 study linked the spread of Protestantism to personal ties to Luther (e.g. [71][72] When Henry II took the throne in 1547, the persecution of Protestants grew and special courts for the trial of heretics were also established in the Parlement de Paris. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. The Catholic Reformation was a religious movement that transpired in the 1500s throughout Europe. In the late 17th century, 150,000200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization. The various groups had their own juridical systems. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual Movements Political Dimensions The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther 's Reformation. Depending on the country, the Reformation had varying causes and different backgrounds and also unfolded differently than in Germany. In 2019, Christos Yannaras told Norman Russell that although he had participated in the Zo movement, he had come to regard it as Crypto-Protestant.[85]. However, a number of factors complicated the adoption of the religious innovations in Ireland; the majority of the population there adhered to the Catholic Church. The Habsburg-sanctioned Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. Motivating factors in their decision to adopt aspects of the Reformation included the historical rivalry and mistrust between the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches along with their concerns of Jesuit priests entering Greek lands in their attempts to propagate the teachings of the Counter-Reformation to the Greek populace. The term includes Thomas Mntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, the Zwickau prophets, and Anabaptists like the Hutterites and Mennonites. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its complete failure. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. [citation needed]. These Germans raised a Lutheran church in Hafnarfjrur as early as 1533. As Bireley points out, the term "Counter-Reformation" emerged into common discussion of 16th century religion in the 19th century, when a German Protestant historian named Leopold von Ranke wrote History of the Popes. The first state to formally adopt a Protestant confession was the Duchy of Prussia (1525). Despite heavy persecution by Henry II, the Reformed Church of France, largely Calvinist in direction, made steady progress across large sections of the nation, in the urban bourgeoisie and parts of the aristocracy, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. [58] In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognised Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". On the eve of the Protestant Reformation, Christianity held the predominant position within the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Catholicism received preferential treatment at the expense of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox. Many Hussites thus declared themselves Lutherans. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. Who were some of the key figures of the Reformation? An important component of the Catholic Reformation in Poland was education. Lutheranism found few adherents among the other peoples of the two countries. The split between Christians in western Europe led to wars as countries struggled with new religious alliances. [citation needed]. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France, leading some Huguenots to live as Nicodemites. Although the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, the French Wars of the Counter-Reformation continued, as well as the expulsion of Protestants in Austria. According to a 2020 study in the American Sociological Review, the Reformation spread earliest to areas where Luther had pre-existing social relations, such as mail correspondents, and former students, as well as where he had visited. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe.[36][c]. Key events of the period include: Diet of Worms (1521), formation of the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia (1525), English Reformation (1529 onwards), the Council of Trent (154563), the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570), Edict of Nantes (1598) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). This assertion of civic independence was the context of Calvin's invitation to Geneva, and many of Calvin's reforms and his growing influence sparked resistance within Geneva's . [56] In 1538, when the kingly decree of the new Church ordinance reached Iceland, bishop gmundur and his clergy denounced it, threatening excommunication for anyone subscribing to the German "heresy". The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for decades, between sympathies between Catholic tradition and Reformed principles, gradually developing, within the context of robustly Protestant doctrine, a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. At that time, Mennonites and Czech Brothers came to Poland. Beyond the reach of the French kings in Geneva, Calvin continued to take an interest in the religious affairs of his native land including the training of ministers for congregations in France. Mary I earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" because she C. persecuted Protestants. Though not personally interested in religious reform, Francis I (reigned 15151547) initially maintained an attitude of tolerance, in accordance with his interest in the humanist movement. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. The Hussites were a Christian movement in the Kingdom of Bohemia following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus. B. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of Martin Luther across Europe. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. The Reformation in the Netherlands, unlike in many other countries, was not initiated by the rulers of the Seventeen Provinces, but instead by multiple popular movements which in turn were bolstered by the arrival of Protestant refugees from other parts of the continent.

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